% TUGboat, Vol 17, No1, March 1996 % two-coloumn style %% incorporates editing changes by bb; 6 jan 1996 \input tugboat.sty \input llig \input ste \def\q{\quad} \long\def\okkvir#1#2#3{% \hbox{\vrule\vbox{\hrule\vskip#1pt\hbox{\hskip#1pt\vbox{% \hsize#2cm\parindent=0pt #3% }\hskip#1pt}\vskip#1pt\hrule}\vrule}% } \font\ugv=ugve \def\d@anger#1{\medbreak\begingroup\clubpenalty=10000 \def\par{\endgraf\endgroup\medbreak}% \setbox0=\hbox{\ugv #1\kern2mm}% \hangindent=\wd0 \def\slov@{\smash{\lower\baselineskip\hbox{\copy0}}} \noindent\hangafter=-2% \hbox to0pt{\hskip-\hangindent \slov@\hfill}} \outer\def\slovo{\d@anger} \def\enddanger{\endgraf\endgroup} \font\stechak=stechak \title * Croatian Fonts * \author * Darko \v Zubrini\'c * %\address * University of Zagreb \\ FER, Avenija Vukovar 39, Zagreb \\ Croatia * \address * University of Zagreb \\ FER, Avenija Vukovar 39 \\ Zagreb, Croatia * \netaddress [\network{Internet}] * darko.zubrinic@fer.hr * \article The aim of this note is to inform the interested reader about the possibility of obtaining several new fonts: Croatian Glagolitic (round -- sometimes called Bulgarian glagolitic, angular, Ba\v ska tablet, cursive, %% bb -- re the "ba\v{s}ka plate", please see below %ligatures, the Baromi\'c broken ligatures, caligraphic), ligatures, the Baromi\'c broken ligatures, calligraphic), Croatian Cyrillic, ste\'cak ornaments and Croatian wattle patterns. They represent a considerable extension of the first version of glagolitic fonts I created in 1992 (see [2]). Having in mind that Croatian Glagolitic Script has a long history of at least 11 centuries (from 9th to 20th), it is not surprising that there exists a large %variety of its handwritten and printed versions. The author has %created several major types of this Script. variety of handwritten and printed versions. The author has created several major fonts of type using this Script. \medskip %\noindent$\bullet$ The so called ``round type'', together \noindent$\bullet$ The so-called ``round type'', together with the corresponding numerical values, is the following: \input ttablo \noindent In some documents there appear additional %versions of letters, versions of some letters, %like e.g.\ the ``spider-like h'' {\obl\char'076}. It is interesting e.g.\ the ``spider-like h'' {\obl\char'076}. The tops of letters appearing in this font are aligned. The ``hanging style'' the round galgolitic can be illustrated e.g.\ by {\obl b3yzzetva}, {\obl svoem}, as it appears on the Kiiv folia (the first folio is from Croatia, written in region of Dubrovnik, 11th century; the remaining six are from Czechia, 10th century). \medskip %% bb -- to me, ``plate'' often implies a flat dish meant for serving %% food -- these are sometimes ceremonial, and that's why i first %% misunderstood this sentence; i know that is not what is meant here. %% perhaps ``tablet'' or ``plaque'' is close enough in meaning, %% and would not be as confusing. \noindent$\bullet$ The font of the Ba\v ska stone tablet (carved in nd A.D.\ 1100 on the island of Krk): \input ttablb The Ba\v ska tablet is one of our most important cultural monuments ($2\times 1$ m${}^2$). The reason is that it was written in the Croatian %language (with the elements of the Church Slavonic) as early as language (with elements of Church Slavonic) as early as in the 11th century. Its text comprises more than $400$ letters and contains the earliest mention of a Croatian king written in the Croatian vernacular: Z''v''nimir'', kral'' hr''vat''sk''\"{\i} (Hrvatska $=$ Croatia), i.e.\ {\it Zvonimir, the Croatian king\/}, or in the Glagolitic: \setbox0=\hbox{\bassv kral3 \ hr3vxt3sk3y} $$ \okkvir36{\hbox to \wd0{\hss\bassv z3v3nimir3\hss} \vskip2mm \hbox{\bassv kral3 \ hr3vxt3sk3y}} $$ There are also earlier monuments from the 9th century that mention Croatian kings and dukes, but written in the Latin Script and in the Latin language. %The reader will notice that several Latin and(or) Cyrillic The reader will notice that several Latin and/or Cyrillic letters appear on the table: {\bass O, I, M, N, T, V} ($=$ %V). This V)\null. This is only one among numerous proofs of the parallel use of three %Scripts (Glagolitic, Latin, Cyrillic) and three languages scripts (Glagolitic, Latin, Cyrillic) and three languages (Croatian, Church Slavonic and Latin) in Croatia. The %three-scriptural and three-language character of the three-script and three-language character of the Croatian Middle Ages is a unique phenomenon in the history of European culture (see [1]). \medskip \noindent$\bullet$ Since the 12th century the Glagolitic %Script survived only on the Croatian soil. Until that time Script has survived only in Croatia. Until that time %it existed also in some other regions, like in Bulgaria, it existed also in some other regions, e.g.\ Bulgaria, Macedonia, Roumania, Ukraine, when it was replaced by %theillic Script. In Croatia there developped the so %called {\it angular form\/} of the Glagolitic. the Cyrillic Script, and also in Czechia. In Croatia there developed the so-called {\it angular form\/} of the Glagolitic. \input ttabl \noindent Its golden period falls between the 12th and the 16th century: After that a %decline of this Script ensued, as a result of decline of this script ensued, as a result of the penetration of the Ottoman Empire. \medskip \noindent$\bullet$ The Croatian Glagolitic has hundreds of interesting ligatures. Let us present some of them: \input ttlis \noindent It is striking that a {\it printed\/} Glagolitic book, the Brozi\'c breviary from 1561 (1081 pages), has as many as $250$ ligatures. \noindent$\bullet$ A unique creation in the history of European printing are the so called {\it Baromi\'c broken ligatures\/}. The idea was to add one half of a letter (say {\lom A} of {\mgl A}) to another (say {\mgl B}), to obtain a broken ligature (\hbox{{\mgl B}{\lom A}} -- ba). Other combinations are also possible with {\lom D} ({\mgl D}, D), {\lom ZZ} ({\mgl ZZ}, \v Z), %{\lom L} ({\mgl L}, T), {\lom L} ({\mgl L}, L), {\lom V} ({\mgl V}, V), {\lom T} ({\mgl T}, T). Broken ligatures were used in the Baromi\'c Missal, the incunabula printed in the Croatian city of Senj in 1494 (last year we celebrated its $500$th anniversary). Only three samples are preserved: one in the Saltyko S\v cedrin Library in St.Petersburg (Russia), one and the only complete copy in the Szeczenyi Library in Budapest (Hungary), and one in Croatia on the island of Cres. When looking at the text containing Baromi\'c broken ligatures, one has the impression as if this incunabula was handwritten. Few examples: \hbox{{\mgl B}{\lom A}{\mgl ROMICH}} (Baromi\'c), \hbox{{\mgl D}{\lom AZZD6}} (rain), \hbox{\mgl MO{\lom L}{\mgl I}{\lom TVA}} (prayer). %Hundreds of Croatian Glagolitic monuments, both handwritten and Hundreds of Croatian Glagolitic texts, both handwritten and printed, the oldest from the 12th century, are held in national museums in more than $20$ European countries, and also in the USA.\footnote{I would like to take the opportunity to send an appeal to those readers who maybe know of any of the Croatian Glagolitic documents held in private possession to inform me.} % The reader living in New York can see the beuatiful The reader living in New York can see the beautiful Croatian Missal from around 1410 in the Pierpont Morgan Library (reprinted by the Martin Sagner Verlag, Munich, 1976). In %the Congress Library in Washington you can see a sample of the Library of Congress in Washington you can see a sample of the first Croatian incunabula, printed in 1483 (unfortunately, it is not known where precisely). Six copies are in Croatia, two in the Vatican Library, one in the National Library in Vienna (Austria) and one in the Saltykov \v S\v cedrin Library in St.Petersburg (Russia). It was the first book in the history of European printing that was not printed in the Latin characters, as well as the first incunabula not printed in the Latin language. Probably the most valuable Croatian Glagolitic book is the Missal of Hrvoje (1404), held in the Library of Turkish sultans (Topkapi Saray) in Constantinople. It is interesting that a Croat George (Juraj) de Slavonie, or de Sorbonne (14/15th century), a professor at Sorbonne in Paris, left us several valuable Glagolitic manuscripts written by his hand, held today in Municipal Library in Reims (France). One of them contains a prayer ``Our Father'', on which we would like to illustrate the Croatian Glagolitic: \slovo{O}{\mgl cce nass6 izze esi nanebesih6 * sveti se ime \tvo e * {\gg\char'005}idi cesars\tv o \tv oe * budi vola \tv oya yako nanebesi inaze\ml i * \lower1.33pt\hbox{H}lib nass vsedanni dai nam'ga danas i \ot pusti nam' dl'gi nasse * \lower1.33pt\hbox{Ya}kozze i mi \ot pusschaem' dl'ge dlzznikom nassim6 * i nevavedi nas' v' napast' * \lower1.33pt\hbox{N}a iz'bavinas' od ne{\gg\char'005}iyazni} % \char'005=pr \medskip %\noindent$\bullet$ In the 16th and 17th century there began %to appear some caligraphic Glagolitic letters in Crotian \noindent$\bullet$ In the 16th and 17th century some calligraphic Glagolitic letters began to appear in Croatian printed books: $$ \gather \text{ {\kal A} (A), {\kal V} (V), {\kal D} (D), {\kal Z} (Z), {\kal I} (I),}\\ \text{ {\kal K} (K), {\kal L} (L), {\kal M} (M), {\kal N} (N), {\kal P} (P),}\\ \text{ {\kal R} (R), {\kal S} (S), {\kal H} (H), {\kal CC} (\v C).} \endgather $$ \medskip \noindent$\bullet$ There are thousands of {\it cursive\/} Glagolitic documents, witnessing above all about the Croatian language and its very early use in official documents, and about highly organized civil life in the Middle Ages. Probably the %most important is the {\it Vinodole Code\/} from 1288. This most important is the {\it Vinodol Code\/} from 1288. %% bb -- this is the spelling used above Very important is the {\it Istarski razvod\/} from the 14th century, written in the region of Istria in three official copies: in the Latin and German languages (in Latin Script), and in the Croatian language (as was expressly stated), using the Glagolitic Script. It defined the borders between different rulers in Istria. Equally important are the city statutes of many Croatian cities written in the Glagolitic, the earliest dating from the 14th century. Here is a variant of the cursive Croatian Glagolitic (we provide also the angular type for comparison): \input ttablokurz \noindent An example: {\kur Darko Zzubrinich}. \medskip \noindent$\bullet$ Croatian Cyrillic (also called Bosan\v cica or Bosanica) was quite widespread %in Bosnia and in the Dalmatian part of Croatia. Its developement among the Croats in Bosnia and in the Dalmatian part of Croatia. Its development can be traced from the 12th to 19th century. Here it is: \input ttablhc %\noindent Probably the most beutiful Croatian Cyrillic book \noindent Probably the most beautiful Croatian Cyrillic book is the Missal of Hval written in 1400-1404, now held in the University Library in Bologna (Italy), reprinted in Sarajevo in 1986. \medskip \noindent$\bullet$ There %exist more that $66,000$ mysterious tombstone monuments, mostly in exist more than $66,000$ mysterious tombstone monuments, mostly in %Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia, called {\it ste\'cak\/}, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia, called {\it ste\'cak\/} (13-14th century), some of them having short engravings in the Croatian Cyrillic Script (e.g.\ ``please do not disturb me, I was like you and you will be like me''), with interesting and simple border %decorations, like: decorations, like these: \medskip \cvijet \smallskip \kukagd \smallskip \dvije8 \smallskip \Oo \medskip \noindent dancers: $$ \text{\stechak lkkkkkd} $$ human-like figures: $$ \text{\stechak L\q L\q L} $$ birds: $$ \text{\stechak p q} $$ star-like ornaments: $$ \gather \text{\stechak 4\q Z}\\ \text{\stechak a\q b\q 5}\\ \text{\stechak i\q j\q e\q f} \endgather $$ a circle (or a wheel), a symbol of eternal life: $$ \text{\stechak g\q h\q K} $$ swastika: $$ \text{\stechak s} $$ various crosses: $$ \text{\stechak A\q B\q C\q D\q T} $$ The following ornament is frequent: $$ \text{\stechak R P a}\hbox to0pt{\,.\hss} $$ %\noindent These monuments belong to Krstyans, memebers of the Bosnian \noindent These monuments belong to Krstyans, members of the Bosnian Church, a Christian religious sect about which we still know very little. \noindent$\bullet$ Let me finish this article with some of the most typical Croatian wattle patterns appearing in our preromanesque churches, built between the 9th and 12th century. From about $300$ preromanesque Croatian churches only $15$ are well preserved. The most widespread wattle pattern is $$ \text{\pleter 1eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2} $$ \noindent Of course, it is composed of {\pleter 1 e e 2}. Somewhat more complex patterns are: %\centerline{\plet ommp} $$ \gather \text{\ple a}\\ \vbox to1mm{}\\ \text{\plet srrt} \endgather $$ %\noindent Additional informations about the Croatian Glagolitic can be \noindent Additional information about Croatian Glagolitic can be seen at the URL: $$ \text{\tt http://www.tel.fer.hr/hrvatska/Croatia-HCS.html} $$ %(see ``Croatia -- its History, Culture and Science''). All the fonts appearing in this article will be available freely via the WWW on the CTAN web. %see {\tt croatian}). All ligatures and fonts are defined in the file {\tt llig.tex} of the package. The angular glagolitic font is activated by {\tt$\backslash$mgl} (a slightly larger version can be obtained using {\tt$\backslash$ngl}). If one wants to use glagolitic ligatures, the definition list in {\tt llig.tex} should be consulted. For example, to obtain {\mgl\ml} (ml) one has to write {\tt$\backslash$mgl$\backslash$ml}. Other fonts are activated in a similar way (they contain no glagolitic ligatures): {\tt$\backslash$obl} (round glagolitic, {\tt$\backslash$nobl} is a bit larger), {\tt$\backslash$bass} (Baska tablet), {\tt$\backslash$kur} (cursive), {\tt$\backslash$kal} (caligraphic), {\tt$\backslash$lom} (Baromich broken ligatures) {\tt$\backslash$hc} (Croatian Cyrillic), and several wattle patterns are activated by {\tt$\backslash$ple}, {\tt$\backslash$plet}, {\tt$\backslash$pleter}. In general, glagolitic letters corresponding to {\it \v c, \v z, \v s, \'c (\v s\'c, \v st)} are encoded in \TeX\ ligtables as {\tt cc, zz, ss, ch} respectively. More precisely, \hbox{{\mgl cc}} is obtained from {\tt$\backslash$mgl cc}. Capital letters are obtained by using CC (or Cc) etc. Using {\tt cx} you can obtain yet another version of the angular \v c: \hbox{{\mgl cx}}. The so-called `djerv' is obtained by typing {\tt j} (or {\tt J}) in the round glagolitic. In the angular form the following two version of the `djerv' can be obtained: {\mgl j} ({\tt j}) and \hbox{{\mgl dd}} ({\tt dd}). `Yat' -- \hbox{\mobl ya}, \hbox{\mgl ya} -- appearing in round and angular glagolitic can be obtained using {\tt ya} (or {\tt YA, Ya}). Moreover, if `yat' is to be read as `ye' (which is the case when it appears after a consonant), then you can use {\tt ye} as well. The letter `yu' {\mgl yu} is obtained by typing {\tt yu}, `izze' ({\obl y}, {\mgl y}) by typing {\tt y}. The same for the Croatian cyrillic. Two versions of very frequently used {\it Croatian semivowels\/} can be obtained: either by typing apostrophe {\tt '} (`yerok'; for example in {\mgl bog'} - God) or {\tt6} (`yer'; {\mgl bog6}). Definitions of semivowels `yer' and `yor' and other letters (like {\mobl\char'003, \char'005}) appearing in some oldest Croatian and Bulgarian -- Macedonian documents written in the round glagolitic can be seen in metafont files {\tt oblm.mf} and {\tt oblv.mf}, that are inputted in {\tt obl.mf} - a round glagolitic metafont file. As you see, an appropriate hypenation table is necessary to prevent line breaking between pairs of letters like {\tt cc, zz, ss, ch, dd, ya, ye,} and it has been included to the Croatian font package too ({\tt glhypehn.tex}). The table also incorporates some basic hypenation rules of the Croatian language. Definition names of many other symbols appearing in various fonts can be seen by looking into source files accompaning this text. %In the case you use Croatian fonts, I would deeply appreciate %to inform me. If you should use Croatian fonts, I would deeply appreciate if you would inform me. \medskip \noindent{\bf References} \item{[1]} Eduard Hercigonja: {\it Tropismena i trojezi\v cna kultura hrvatskoga srednjovjekovlja\/} (Three-script and three-language culture of the Croatian Middle Ages), Matica hrvatska, Zagreb, 1994 (in Croatian), \item{[2]} Darko \v Zubrini\'c: {\it The exotic Croatian Glagolitic Alphabet\/}, TUGboat, Vol 13, No 4, 1992, p.\ 470--471. \makesignature \endarticle