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sqlglot.dialects.presto

  1from __future__ import annotations
  2
  3import typing as t
  4
  5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
  6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
  7    Dialect,
  8    NormalizationStrategy,
  9    binary_from_function,
 10    bool_xor_sql,
 11    date_trunc_to_time,
 12    datestrtodate_sql,
 13    encode_decode_sql,
 14    build_formatted_time,
 15    if_sql,
 16    left_to_substring_sql,
 17    no_ilike_sql,
 18    no_pivot_sql,
 19    no_safe_divide_sql,
 20    no_timestamp_sql,
 21    regexp_extract_sql,
 22    rename_func,
 23    right_to_substring_sql,
 24    struct_extract_sql,
 25    str_position_sql,
 26    timestamptrunc_sql,
 27    timestrtotime_sql,
 28    ts_or_ds_add_cast,
 29    unit_to_str,
 30)
 31from sqlglot.dialects.hive import Hive
 32from sqlglot.dialects.mysql import MySQL
 33from sqlglot.helper import apply_index_offset, seq_get
 34from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
 35
 36
 37def _explode_to_unnest_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
 38    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Explode):
 39        return self.sql(
 40            exp.Join(
 41                this=exp.Unnest(
 42                    expressions=[expression.this.this],
 43                    alias=expression.args.get("alias"),
 44                    offset=isinstance(expression.this, exp.Posexplode),
 45                ),
 46                kind="cross",
 47            )
 48        )
 49    return self.lateral_sql(expression)
 50
 51
 52def _initcap_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Initcap) -> str:
 53    regex = r"(\w)(\w*)"
 54    return f"REGEXP_REPLACE({self.sql(expression, 'this')}, '{regex}', x -> UPPER(x[1]) || LOWER(x[2]))"
 55
 56
 57def _no_sort_array(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.SortArray) -> str:
 58    if expression.args.get("asc") == exp.false():
 59        comparator = "(a, b) -> CASE WHEN a < b THEN 1 WHEN a > b THEN -1 ELSE 0 END"
 60    else:
 61        comparator = None
 62    return self.func("ARRAY_SORT", expression.this, comparator)
 63
 64
 65def _schema_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Schema) -> str:
 66    if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Property):
 67        columns = ", ".join(f"'{c.name}'" for c in expression.expressions)
 68        return f"ARRAY[{columns}]"
 69
 70    if expression.parent:
 71        for schema in expression.parent.find_all(exp.Schema):
 72            column_defs = schema.find_all(exp.ColumnDef)
 73            if column_defs and isinstance(schema.parent, exp.Property):
 74                expression.expressions.extend(column_defs)
 75
 76    return self.schema_sql(expression)
 77
 78
 79def _quantile_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Quantile) -> str:
 80    self.unsupported("Presto does not support exact quantiles")
 81    return self.func("APPROX_PERCENTILE", expression.this, expression.args.get("quantile"))
 82
 83
 84def _str_to_time_sql(
 85    self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.StrToDate | exp.StrToTime | exp.TsOrDsToDate
 86) -> str:
 87    return self.func("DATE_PARSE", expression.this, self.format_time(expression))
 88
 89
 90def _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str:
 91    time_format = self.format_time(expression)
 92    if time_format and time_format not in (Presto.TIME_FORMAT, Presto.DATE_FORMAT):
 93        return self.sql(exp.cast(_str_to_time_sql(self, expression), exp.DataType.Type.DATE))
 94    return self.sql(
 95        exp.cast(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP), exp.DataType.Type.DATE)
 96    )
 97
 98
 99def _ts_or_ds_add_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsAdd) -> str:
100    expression = ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression)
101    unit = unit_to_str(expression)
102    return self.func("DATE_ADD", unit, expression.expression, expression.this)
103
104
105def _ts_or_ds_diff_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsDiff) -> str:
106    this = exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
107    expr = exp.cast(expression.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
108    unit = unit_to_str(expression)
109    return self.func("DATE_DIFF", unit, expr, this)
110
111
112def _build_approx_percentile(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
113    if len(args) == 4:
114        return exp.ApproxQuantile(
115            this=seq_get(args, 0),
116            weight=seq_get(args, 1),
117            quantile=seq_get(args, 2),
118            accuracy=seq_get(args, 3),
119        )
120    if len(args) == 3:
121        return exp.ApproxQuantile(
122            this=seq_get(args, 0), quantile=seq_get(args, 1), accuracy=seq_get(args, 2)
123        )
124    return exp.ApproxQuantile.from_arg_list(args)
125
126
127def _build_from_unixtime(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
128    if len(args) == 3:
129        return exp.UnixToTime(
130            this=seq_get(args, 0),
131            hours=seq_get(args, 1),
132            minutes=seq_get(args, 2),
133        )
134    if len(args) == 2:
135        return exp.UnixToTime(this=seq_get(args, 0), zone=seq_get(args, 1))
136
137    return exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list(args)
138
139
140def _unnest_sequence(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
141    if isinstance(expression, exp.Table):
142        if isinstance(expression.this, exp.GenerateSeries):
143            unnest = exp.Unnest(expressions=[expression.this])
144
145            if expression.alias:
146                return exp.alias_(unnest, alias="_u", table=[expression.alias], copy=False)
147            return unnest
148    return expression
149
150
151def _first_last_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Func) -> str:
152    """
153    Trino doesn't support FIRST / LAST as functions, but they're valid in the context
154    of MATCH_RECOGNIZE, so we need to preserve them in that case. In all other cases
155    they're converted into an ARBITRARY call.
156
157    Reference: https://trino.io/docs/current/sql/match-recognize.html#logical-navigation-functions
158    """
159    if isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.MatchRecognize, exp.Select), exp.MatchRecognize):
160        return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
161
162    return rename_func("ARBITRARY")(self, expression)
163
164
165def _unix_to_time_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
166    scale = expression.args.get("scale")
167    timestamp = self.sql(expression, "this")
168    if scale in (None, exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS):
169        return rename_func("FROM_UNIXTIME")(self, expression)
170
171    return f"FROM_UNIXTIME(CAST({timestamp} AS DOUBLE) / POW(10, {scale}))"
172
173
174def _to_int(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
175    if not expression.type:
176        from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
177
178        annotate_types(expression)
179    if expression.type and expression.type.this not in exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES:
180        return exp.cast(expression, to=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT)
181    return expression
182
183
184def _build_to_char(args: t.List) -> exp.TimeToStr:
185    fmt = seq_get(args, 1)
186    if isinstance(fmt, exp.Literal):
187        # We uppercase this to match Teradata's format mapping keys
188        fmt.set("this", fmt.this.upper())
189
190    # We use "teradata" on purpose here, because the time formats are different in Presto.
191    # See https://prestodb.io/docs/current/functions/teradata.html?highlight=to_char#to_char
192    return build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "teradata")(args)
193
194
195class Presto(Dialect):
196    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
197    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
198    TIME_FORMAT = MySQL.TIME_FORMAT
199    TIME_MAPPING = MySQL.TIME_MAPPING
200    STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = True
201    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
202    TYPED_DIVISION = True
203    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True
204    LOG_BASE_FIRST: t.Optional[bool] = None
205
206    # https://github.com/trinodb/trino/issues/17
207    # https://github.com/trinodb/trino/issues/12289
208    # https://github.com/prestodb/presto/issues/2863
209    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
210
211    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
212        UNICODE_STRINGS = [
213            (prefix + q, q)
214            for q in t.cast(t.List[str], tokens.Tokenizer.QUOTES)
215            for prefix in ("U&", "u&")
216        ]
217
218        KEYWORDS = {
219            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
220            "START": TokenType.BEGIN,
221            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
222            "ROW": TokenType.STRUCT,
223            "IPADDRESS": TokenType.IPADDRESS,
224            "IPPREFIX": TokenType.IPPREFIX,
225        }
226
227        KEYWORDS.pop("QUALIFY")
228
229    class Parser(parser.Parser):
230        VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN = False
231
232        FUNCTIONS = {
233            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
234            "ARBITRARY": exp.AnyValue.from_arg_list,
235            "APPROX_DISTINCT": exp.ApproxDistinct.from_arg_list,
236            "APPROX_PERCENTILE": _build_approx_percentile,
237            "BITWISE_AND": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseAnd),
238            "BITWISE_NOT": lambda args: exp.BitwiseNot(this=seq_get(args, 0)),
239            "BITWISE_OR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseOr),
240            "BITWISE_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
241            "CARDINALITY": exp.ArraySize.from_arg_list,
242            "CONTAINS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
243            "DATE_ADD": lambda args: exp.DateAdd(
244                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
245            ),
246            "DATE_DIFF": lambda args: exp.DateDiff(
247                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
248            ),
249            "DATE_FORMAT": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "presto"),
250            "DATE_PARSE": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "presto"),
251            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
252            "ELEMENT_AT": lambda args: exp.Bracket(
253                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=[seq_get(args, 1)], offset=1, safe=True
254            ),
255            "FROM_HEX": exp.Unhex.from_arg_list,
256            "FROM_UNIXTIME": _build_from_unixtime,
257            "FROM_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Decode(
258                this=seq_get(args, 0), replace=seq_get(args, 1), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
259            ),
260            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
261            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
262                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1), group=seq_get(args, 2)
263            ),
264            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
265                this=seq_get(args, 0),
266                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
267                replacement=seq_get(args, 2) or exp.Literal.string(""),
268            ),
269            "ROW": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
270            "SEQUENCE": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
271            "SET_AGG": exp.ArrayUniqueAgg.from_arg_list,
272            "SPLIT_TO_MAP": exp.StrToMap.from_arg_list,
273            "STRPOS": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
274                this=seq_get(args, 0), substr=seq_get(args, 1), instance=seq_get(args, 2)
275            ),
276            "TO_CHAR": _build_to_char,
277            "TO_HEX": exp.Hex.from_arg_list,
278            "TO_UNIXTIME": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
279            "TO_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Encode(
280                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
281            ),
282        }
283
284        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
285        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
286
287    class Generator(generator.Generator):
288        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
289        JOIN_HINTS = False
290        TABLE_HINTS = False
291        QUERY_HINTS = False
292        IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = False
293        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
294        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
295        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
296        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
297        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
298        LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
299        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
300        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
301
302        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
303            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
304            exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
305            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
306        }
307
308        TYPE_MAPPING = {
309            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
310            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
311            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
312            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBINARY",
313            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR",
314            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
315            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
316            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "ROW",
317            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
318            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME64: "TIMESTAMP",
319        }
320
321        TRANSFORMS = {
322            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
323            exp.AnyValue: rename_func("ARBITRARY"),
324            exp.ApproxDistinct: lambda self, e: self.func(
325                "APPROX_DISTINCT", e.this, e.args.get("accuracy")
326            ),
327            exp.ApproxQuantile: rename_func("APPROX_PERCENTILE"),
328            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
329            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
330            exp.Array: lambda self, e: f"ARRAY[{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}]",
331            exp.ArrayAny: rename_func("ANY_MATCH"),
332            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("CONCAT"),
333            exp.ArrayContains: rename_func("CONTAINS"),
334            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("CARDINALITY"),
335            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("ARRAY_JOIN"),
336            exp.ArrayUniqueAgg: rename_func("SET_AGG"),
337            exp.AtTimeZone: rename_func("AT_TIMEZONE"),
338            exp.BitwiseAnd: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_AND", e.this, e.expression),
339            exp.BitwiseLeftShift: lambda self, e: self.func(
340                "BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_LEFT", e.this, e.expression
341            ),
342            exp.BitwiseNot: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_NOT", e.this),
343            exp.BitwiseOr: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_OR", e.this, e.expression),
344            exp.BitwiseRightShift: lambda self, e: self.func(
345                "BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_RIGHT", e.this, e.expression
346            ),
347            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_XOR", e.this, e.expression),
348            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
349            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
350            exp.DateAdd: lambda self, e: self.func(
351                "DATE_ADD",
352                unit_to_str(e),
353                _to_int(e.expression),
354                e.this,
355            ),
356            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
357                "DATE_DIFF", unit_to_str(e), e.expression, e.this
358            ),
359            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
360            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
361            e: f"CAST(DATE_FORMAT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
362            exp.DateSub: lambda self, e: self.func(
363                "DATE_ADD",
364                unit_to_str(e),
365                _to_int(e.expression * -1),
366                e.this,
367            ),
368            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "FROM_UTF8"),
369            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
370            e: f"CAST(DATE_PARSE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
371            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "TO_UTF8"),
372            exp.FileFormatProperty: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT='{e.name.upper()}'",
373            exp.First: _first_last_sql,
374            exp.FirstValue: _first_last_sql,
375            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self,
376            e: f"WITH_TIMEZONE({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'zone')}) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'",
377            exp.Group: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unalias_group]),
378            exp.GroupConcat: lambda self, e: self.func(
379                "ARRAY_JOIN", self.func("ARRAY_AGG", e.this), e.args.get("separator")
380            ),
381            exp.Hex: rename_func("TO_HEX"),
382            exp.If: if_sql(),
383            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
384            exp.Initcap: _initcap_sql,
385            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON_PARSE"),
386            exp.Last: _first_last_sql,
387            exp.LastValue: _first_last_sql,
388            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH", e.this),
389            exp.Lateral: _explode_to_unnest_sql,
390            exp.Left: left_to_substring_sql,
391            exp.Levenshtein: rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE"),
392            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
393            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
394            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
395            exp.Quantile: _quantile_sql,
396            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
397            exp.Right: right_to_substring_sql,
398            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
399            exp.Schema: _schema_sql,
400            exp.SchemaCommentProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
401            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
402                [
403                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
404                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
405                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(1),
406                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
407                ]
408            ),
409            exp.SortArray: _no_sort_array,
410            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: str_position_sql(self, e, generate_instance=True),
411            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({_str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
412            exp.StrToMap: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_MAP"),
413            exp.StrToTime: _str_to_time_sql,
414            exp.StructExtract: struct_extract_sql,
415            exp.Table: transforms.preprocess([_unnest_sequence]),
416            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
417            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
418            exp.TimeStrToDate: timestrtotime_sql,
419            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
420            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
421                "TO_UNIXTIME", self.func("DATE_PARSE", e.this, Presto.TIME_FORMAT)
422            ),
423            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_FORMAT", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
424            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("TO_UNIXTIME"),
425            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_FORMAT", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
426            exp.TryCast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
427            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
428            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
429            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
430            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _ts_or_ds_diff_sql,
431            exp.TsOrDsToDate: _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql,
432            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
433            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self,
434            e: f"DATE_FORMAT(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}), {self.format_time(e)})",
435            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
436            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self,
437            e: f"CAST(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS VARCHAR)",
438            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
439            exp.With: transforms.preprocess([transforms.add_recursive_cte_column_names]),
440            exp.WithinGroup: transforms.preprocess(
441                [transforms.remove_within_group_for_percentiles]
442            ),
443            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
444        }
445
446        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
447            "alter",
448            "and",
449            "as",
450            "between",
451            "by",
452            "case",
453            "cast",
454            "constraint",
455            "create",
456            "cross",
457            "current_time",
458            "current_timestamp",
459            "deallocate",
460            "delete",
461            "describe",
462            "distinct",
463            "drop",
464            "else",
465            "end",
466            "escape",
467            "except",
468            "execute",
469            "exists",
470            "extract",
471            "false",
472            "for",
473            "from",
474            "full",
475            "group",
476            "having",
477            "in",
478            "inner",
479            "insert",
480            "intersect",
481            "into",
482            "is",
483            "join",
484            "left",
485            "like",
486            "natural",
487            "not",
488            "null",
489            "on",
490            "or",
491            "order",
492            "outer",
493            "prepare",
494            "right",
495            "select",
496            "table",
497            "then",
498            "true",
499            "union",
500            "using",
501            "values",
502            "when",
503            "where",
504            "with",
505        }
506
507        def strtounix_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToUnix) -> str:
508            # Since `TO_UNIXTIME` requires a `TIMESTAMP`, we need to parse the argument into one.
509            # To do this, we first try to `DATE_PARSE` it, but since this can fail when there's a
510            # timezone involved, we wrap it in a `TRY` call and use `PARSE_DATETIME` as a fallback,
511            # which seems to be using the same time mapping as Hive, as per:
512            # https://joda-time.sourceforge.net/apidocs/org/joda/time/format/DateTimeFormat.html
513            value_as_text = exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
514            parse_without_tz = self.func("DATE_PARSE", value_as_text, self.format_time(expression))
515            parse_with_tz = self.func(
516                "PARSE_DATETIME",
517                value_as_text,
518                self.format_time(expression, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE),
519            )
520            coalesced = self.func("COALESCE", self.func("TRY", parse_without_tz), parse_with_tz)
521            return self.func("TO_UNIXTIME", coalesced)
522
523        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
524            if expression.args.get("safe"):
525                return self.func(
526                    "ELEMENT_AT",
527                    expression.this,
528                    seq_get(
529                        apply_index_offset(
530                            expression.this,
531                            expression.expressions,
532                            1 - expression.args.get("offset", 0),
533                        ),
534                        0,
535                    ),
536                )
537            return super().bracket_sql(expression)
538
539        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
540            from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
541
542            expression = annotate_types(expression)
543            values: t.List[str] = []
544            schema: t.List[str] = []
545            unknown_type = False
546
547            for e in expression.expressions:
548                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
549                    if e.type and e.type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
550                        unknown_type = True
551                    else:
552                        schema.append(f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} {self.sql(e.type)}")
553                    values.append(self.sql(e, "expression"))
554                else:
555                    values.append(self.sql(e))
556
557            size = len(expression.expressions)
558
559            if not size or len(schema) != size:
560                if unknown_type:
561                    self.unsupported(
562                        "Cannot convert untyped key-value definitions (try annotate_types)."
563                    )
564                return self.func("ROW", *values)
565            return f"CAST(ROW({', '.join(values)}) AS ROW({', '.join(schema)}))"
566
567        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
568            if expression.this and expression.text("unit").upper().startswith("WEEK"):
569                return f"({expression.this.name} * INTERVAL '7' DAY)"
570            return super().interval_sql(expression)
571
572        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
573            modes = expression.args.get("modes")
574            modes = f" {', '.join(modes)}" if modes else ""
575            return f"START TRANSACTION{modes}"
576
577        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
578            start = expression.args["start"]
579            end = expression.args["end"]
580            step = expression.args.get("step")
581
582            if isinstance(start, exp.Cast):
583                target_type = start.to
584            elif isinstance(end, exp.Cast):
585                target_type = end.to
586            else:
587                target_type = None
588
589            if target_type and target_type.is_type("timestamp"):
590                if target_type is start.to:
591                    end = exp.cast(end, target_type)
592                else:
593                    start = exp.cast(start, target_type)
594
595            return self.func("SEQUENCE", start, end, step)
596
597        def offset_limit_modifiers(
598            self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit]
599        ) -> t.List[str]:
600            return [
601                self.sql(expression, "offset"),
602                self.sql(limit),
603            ]
604
605        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
606            """
607            Presto doesn't support CREATE VIEW with expressions (ex: `CREATE VIEW x (cola)` then `(cola)` is the expression),
608            so we need to remove them
609            """
610            kind = expression.args["kind"]
611            schema = expression.this
612            if kind == "VIEW" and schema.expressions:
613                expression.this.set("expressions", None)
614            return super().create_sql(expression)
class Presto(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect):
196class Presto(Dialect):
197    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
198    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
199    TIME_FORMAT = MySQL.TIME_FORMAT
200    TIME_MAPPING = MySQL.TIME_MAPPING
201    STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = True
202    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
203    TYPED_DIVISION = True
204    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True
205    LOG_BASE_FIRST: t.Optional[bool] = None
206
207    # https://github.com/trinodb/trino/issues/17
208    # https://github.com/trinodb/trino/issues/12289
209    # https://github.com/prestodb/presto/issues/2863
210    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
211
212    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
213        UNICODE_STRINGS = [
214            (prefix + q, q)
215            for q in t.cast(t.List[str], tokens.Tokenizer.QUOTES)
216            for prefix in ("U&", "u&")
217        ]
218
219        KEYWORDS = {
220            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
221            "START": TokenType.BEGIN,
222            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
223            "ROW": TokenType.STRUCT,
224            "IPADDRESS": TokenType.IPADDRESS,
225            "IPPREFIX": TokenType.IPPREFIX,
226        }
227
228        KEYWORDS.pop("QUALIFY")
229
230    class Parser(parser.Parser):
231        VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN = False
232
233        FUNCTIONS = {
234            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
235            "ARBITRARY": exp.AnyValue.from_arg_list,
236            "APPROX_DISTINCT": exp.ApproxDistinct.from_arg_list,
237            "APPROX_PERCENTILE": _build_approx_percentile,
238            "BITWISE_AND": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseAnd),
239            "BITWISE_NOT": lambda args: exp.BitwiseNot(this=seq_get(args, 0)),
240            "BITWISE_OR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseOr),
241            "BITWISE_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
242            "CARDINALITY": exp.ArraySize.from_arg_list,
243            "CONTAINS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
244            "DATE_ADD": lambda args: exp.DateAdd(
245                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
246            ),
247            "DATE_DIFF": lambda args: exp.DateDiff(
248                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
249            ),
250            "DATE_FORMAT": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "presto"),
251            "DATE_PARSE": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "presto"),
252            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
253            "ELEMENT_AT": lambda args: exp.Bracket(
254                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=[seq_get(args, 1)], offset=1, safe=True
255            ),
256            "FROM_HEX": exp.Unhex.from_arg_list,
257            "FROM_UNIXTIME": _build_from_unixtime,
258            "FROM_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Decode(
259                this=seq_get(args, 0), replace=seq_get(args, 1), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
260            ),
261            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
262            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
263                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1), group=seq_get(args, 2)
264            ),
265            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
266                this=seq_get(args, 0),
267                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
268                replacement=seq_get(args, 2) or exp.Literal.string(""),
269            ),
270            "ROW": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
271            "SEQUENCE": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
272            "SET_AGG": exp.ArrayUniqueAgg.from_arg_list,
273            "SPLIT_TO_MAP": exp.StrToMap.from_arg_list,
274            "STRPOS": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
275                this=seq_get(args, 0), substr=seq_get(args, 1), instance=seq_get(args, 2)
276            ),
277            "TO_CHAR": _build_to_char,
278            "TO_HEX": exp.Hex.from_arg_list,
279            "TO_UNIXTIME": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
280            "TO_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Encode(
281                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
282            ),
283        }
284
285        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
286        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
287
288    class Generator(generator.Generator):
289        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
290        JOIN_HINTS = False
291        TABLE_HINTS = False
292        QUERY_HINTS = False
293        IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = False
294        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
295        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
296        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
297        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
298        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
299        LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
300        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
301        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
302
303        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
304            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
305            exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
306            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
307        }
308
309        TYPE_MAPPING = {
310            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
311            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
312            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
313            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBINARY",
314            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR",
315            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
316            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
317            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "ROW",
318            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
319            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME64: "TIMESTAMP",
320        }
321
322        TRANSFORMS = {
323            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
324            exp.AnyValue: rename_func("ARBITRARY"),
325            exp.ApproxDistinct: lambda self, e: self.func(
326                "APPROX_DISTINCT", e.this, e.args.get("accuracy")
327            ),
328            exp.ApproxQuantile: rename_func("APPROX_PERCENTILE"),
329            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
330            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
331            exp.Array: lambda self, e: f"ARRAY[{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}]",
332            exp.ArrayAny: rename_func("ANY_MATCH"),
333            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("CONCAT"),
334            exp.ArrayContains: rename_func("CONTAINS"),
335            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("CARDINALITY"),
336            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("ARRAY_JOIN"),
337            exp.ArrayUniqueAgg: rename_func("SET_AGG"),
338            exp.AtTimeZone: rename_func("AT_TIMEZONE"),
339            exp.BitwiseAnd: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_AND", e.this, e.expression),
340            exp.BitwiseLeftShift: lambda self, e: self.func(
341                "BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_LEFT", e.this, e.expression
342            ),
343            exp.BitwiseNot: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_NOT", e.this),
344            exp.BitwiseOr: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_OR", e.this, e.expression),
345            exp.BitwiseRightShift: lambda self, e: self.func(
346                "BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_RIGHT", e.this, e.expression
347            ),
348            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_XOR", e.this, e.expression),
349            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
350            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
351            exp.DateAdd: lambda self, e: self.func(
352                "DATE_ADD",
353                unit_to_str(e),
354                _to_int(e.expression),
355                e.this,
356            ),
357            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
358                "DATE_DIFF", unit_to_str(e), e.expression, e.this
359            ),
360            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
361            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
362            e: f"CAST(DATE_FORMAT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
363            exp.DateSub: lambda self, e: self.func(
364                "DATE_ADD",
365                unit_to_str(e),
366                _to_int(e.expression * -1),
367                e.this,
368            ),
369            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "FROM_UTF8"),
370            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
371            e: f"CAST(DATE_PARSE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
372            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "TO_UTF8"),
373            exp.FileFormatProperty: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT='{e.name.upper()}'",
374            exp.First: _first_last_sql,
375            exp.FirstValue: _first_last_sql,
376            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self,
377            e: f"WITH_TIMEZONE({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'zone')}) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'",
378            exp.Group: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unalias_group]),
379            exp.GroupConcat: lambda self, e: self.func(
380                "ARRAY_JOIN", self.func("ARRAY_AGG", e.this), e.args.get("separator")
381            ),
382            exp.Hex: rename_func("TO_HEX"),
383            exp.If: if_sql(),
384            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
385            exp.Initcap: _initcap_sql,
386            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON_PARSE"),
387            exp.Last: _first_last_sql,
388            exp.LastValue: _first_last_sql,
389            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH", e.this),
390            exp.Lateral: _explode_to_unnest_sql,
391            exp.Left: left_to_substring_sql,
392            exp.Levenshtein: rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE"),
393            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
394            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
395            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
396            exp.Quantile: _quantile_sql,
397            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
398            exp.Right: right_to_substring_sql,
399            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
400            exp.Schema: _schema_sql,
401            exp.SchemaCommentProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
402            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
403                [
404                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
405                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
406                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(1),
407                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
408                ]
409            ),
410            exp.SortArray: _no_sort_array,
411            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: str_position_sql(self, e, generate_instance=True),
412            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({_str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
413            exp.StrToMap: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_MAP"),
414            exp.StrToTime: _str_to_time_sql,
415            exp.StructExtract: struct_extract_sql,
416            exp.Table: transforms.preprocess([_unnest_sequence]),
417            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
418            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
419            exp.TimeStrToDate: timestrtotime_sql,
420            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
421            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
422                "TO_UNIXTIME", self.func("DATE_PARSE", e.this, Presto.TIME_FORMAT)
423            ),
424            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_FORMAT", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
425            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("TO_UNIXTIME"),
426            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_FORMAT", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
427            exp.TryCast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
428            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
429            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
430            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
431            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _ts_or_ds_diff_sql,
432            exp.TsOrDsToDate: _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql,
433            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
434            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self,
435            e: f"DATE_FORMAT(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}), {self.format_time(e)})",
436            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
437            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self,
438            e: f"CAST(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS VARCHAR)",
439            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
440            exp.With: transforms.preprocess([transforms.add_recursive_cte_column_names]),
441            exp.WithinGroup: transforms.preprocess(
442                [transforms.remove_within_group_for_percentiles]
443            ),
444            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
445        }
446
447        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
448            "alter",
449            "and",
450            "as",
451            "between",
452            "by",
453            "case",
454            "cast",
455            "constraint",
456            "create",
457            "cross",
458            "current_time",
459            "current_timestamp",
460            "deallocate",
461            "delete",
462            "describe",
463            "distinct",
464            "drop",
465            "else",
466            "end",
467            "escape",
468            "except",
469            "execute",
470            "exists",
471            "extract",
472            "false",
473            "for",
474            "from",
475            "full",
476            "group",
477            "having",
478            "in",
479            "inner",
480            "insert",
481            "intersect",
482            "into",
483            "is",
484            "join",
485            "left",
486            "like",
487            "natural",
488            "not",
489            "null",
490            "on",
491            "or",
492            "order",
493            "outer",
494            "prepare",
495            "right",
496            "select",
497            "table",
498            "then",
499            "true",
500            "union",
501            "using",
502            "values",
503            "when",
504            "where",
505            "with",
506        }
507
508        def strtounix_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToUnix) -> str:
509            # Since `TO_UNIXTIME` requires a `TIMESTAMP`, we need to parse the argument into one.
510            # To do this, we first try to `DATE_PARSE` it, but since this can fail when there's a
511            # timezone involved, we wrap it in a `TRY` call and use `PARSE_DATETIME` as a fallback,
512            # which seems to be using the same time mapping as Hive, as per:
513            # https://joda-time.sourceforge.net/apidocs/org/joda/time/format/DateTimeFormat.html
514            value_as_text = exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
515            parse_without_tz = self.func("DATE_PARSE", value_as_text, self.format_time(expression))
516            parse_with_tz = self.func(
517                "PARSE_DATETIME",
518                value_as_text,
519                self.format_time(expression, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE),
520            )
521            coalesced = self.func("COALESCE", self.func("TRY", parse_without_tz), parse_with_tz)
522            return self.func("TO_UNIXTIME", coalesced)
523
524        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
525            if expression.args.get("safe"):
526                return self.func(
527                    "ELEMENT_AT",
528                    expression.this,
529                    seq_get(
530                        apply_index_offset(
531                            expression.this,
532                            expression.expressions,
533                            1 - expression.args.get("offset", 0),
534                        ),
535                        0,
536                    ),
537                )
538            return super().bracket_sql(expression)
539
540        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
541            from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
542
543            expression = annotate_types(expression)
544            values: t.List[str] = []
545            schema: t.List[str] = []
546            unknown_type = False
547
548            for e in expression.expressions:
549                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
550                    if e.type and e.type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
551                        unknown_type = True
552                    else:
553                        schema.append(f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} {self.sql(e.type)}")
554                    values.append(self.sql(e, "expression"))
555                else:
556                    values.append(self.sql(e))
557
558            size = len(expression.expressions)
559
560            if not size or len(schema) != size:
561                if unknown_type:
562                    self.unsupported(
563                        "Cannot convert untyped key-value definitions (try annotate_types)."
564                    )
565                return self.func("ROW", *values)
566            return f"CAST(ROW({', '.join(values)}) AS ROW({', '.join(schema)}))"
567
568        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
569            if expression.this and expression.text("unit").upper().startswith("WEEK"):
570                return f"({expression.this.name} * INTERVAL '7' DAY)"
571            return super().interval_sql(expression)
572
573        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
574            modes = expression.args.get("modes")
575            modes = f" {', '.join(modes)}" if modes else ""
576            return f"START TRANSACTION{modes}"
577
578        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
579            start = expression.args["start"]
580            end = expression.args["end"]
581            step = expression.args.get("step")
582
583            if isinstance(start, exp.Cast):
584                target_type = start.to
585            elif isinstance(end, exp.Cast):
586                target_type = end.to
587            else:
588                target_type = None
589
590            if target_type and target_type.is_type("timestamp"):
591                if target_type is start.to:
592                    end = exp.cast(end, target_type)
593                else:
594                    start = exp.cast(start, target_type)
595
596            return self.func("SEQUENCE", start, end, step)
597
598        def offset_limit_modifiers(
599            self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit]
600        ) -> t.List[str]:
601            return [
602                self.sql(expression, "offset"),
603                self.sql(limit),
604            ]
605
606        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
607            """
608            Presto doesn't support CREATE VIEW with expressions (ex: `CREATE VIEW x (cola)` then `(cola)` is the expression),
609            so we need to remove them
610            """
611            kind = expression.args["kind"]
612            schema = expression.this
613            if kind == "VIEW" and schema.expressions:
614                expression.this.set("expressions", None)
615            return super().create_sql(expression)
INDEX_OFFSET = 1

The base index offset for arrays.

NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_last'

Default NULL ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: "nulls_are_small", "nulls_are_large", "nulls_are_last"

TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %T'"
TIME_MAPPING = {'%M': '%B', '%c': '%-m', '%e': '%-d', '%h': '%I', '%i': '%M', '%s': '%S', '%u': '%W', '%k': '%-H', '%l': '%-I', '%T': '%H:%M:%S', '%W': '%a'}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python strftime formats.

STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = True

Whether CONCAT's arguments must be strings.

SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False

Whether SEMI or ANTI joins are supported.

TYPED_DIVISION = True

Whether the behavior of a / b depends on the types of a and b. False means a / b is always float division. True means a / b is integer division if both a and b are integers.

TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True

Whether a size in the table sample clause represents percentage.

LOG_BASE_FIRST: Optional[bool] = None

Whether the base comes first in the LOG function. Possible values: True, False, None (two arguments are not supported by LOG)

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

tokenizer_class = <class 'Presto.Tokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'Presto.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'Presto.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'M': {0: True}, 'c': {0: True}, 'e': {0: True}, 'h': {0: True}, 'i': {0: True}, 's': {0: True}, 'u': {0: True}, 'k': {0: True}, 'l': {0: True}, 'T': {0: True}, 'W': {0: True}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'M': {0: True}, 'c': {0: True}, 'e': {0: True}, 'h': {0: True}, 'i': {0: True}, 's': {0: True}, 'u': {0: True}, 'k': {0: True}, 'l': {0: True}, 'T': {0: True}, 'W': {0: True}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%B': '%M', '%-m': '%c', '%-d': '%e', '%I': '%h', '%M': '%i', '%S': '%s', '%W': '%u', '%-H': '%k', '%-I': '%l', '%H:%M:%S': '%T', '%a': '%W'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'B': {0: True}, '-': {'m': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, 'W': {0: True}, 'H': {':': {'%': {'M': {':': {'%': {'S': {0: True}}}}}}}, 'a': {0: True}}}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = "U&'"
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = "'"
class Presto.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer):
212    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
213        UNICODE_STRINGS = [
214            (prefix + q, q)
215            for q in t.cast(t.List[str], tokens.Tokenizer.QUOTES)
216            for prefix in ("U&", "u&")
217        ]
218
219        KEYWORDS = {
220            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
221            "START": TokenType.BEGIN,
222            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
223            "ROW": TokenType.STRUCT,
224            "IPADDRESS": TokenType.IPADDRESS,
225            "IPPREFIX": TokenType.IPPREFIX,
226        }
227
228        KEYWORDS.pop("QUALIFY")
UNICODE_STRINGS = [("U&'", "'"), ("u&'", "'")]
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '/*+': <TokenType.HINT: 'HINT'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'START': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'MATCH_RECOGNIZE': <TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE: 'MATCH_RECOGNIZE'>, 'IPADDRESS': <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, 'IPPREFIX': <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>}
class Presto.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser):
230    class Parser(parser.Parser):
231        VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN = False
232
233        FUNCTIONS = {
234            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
235            "ARBITRARY": exp.AnyValue.from_arg_list,
236            "APPROX_DISTINCT": exp.ApproxDistinct.from_arg_list,
237            "APPROX_PERCENTILE": _build_approx_percentile,
238            "BITWISE_AND": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseAnd),
239            "BITWISE_NOT": lambda args: exp.BitwiseNot(this=seq_get(args, 0)),
240            "BITWISE_OR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseOr),
241            "BITWISE_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
242            "CARDINALITY": exp.ArraySize.from_arg_list,
243            "CONTAINS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
244            "DATE_ADD": lambda args: exp.DateAdd(
245                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
246            ),
247            "DATE_DIFF": lambda args: exp.DateDiff(
248                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
249            ),
250            "DATE_FORMAT": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "presto"),
251            "DATE_PARSE": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "presto"),
252            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
253            "ELEMENT_AT": lambda args: exp.Bracket(
254                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=[seq_get(args, 1)], offset=1, safe=True
255            ),
256            "FROM_HEX": exp.Unhex.from_arg_list,
257            "FROM_UNIXTIME": _build_from_unixtime,
258            "FROM_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Decode(
259                this=seq_get(args, 0), replace=seq_get(args, 1), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
260            ),
261            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
262            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
263                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1), group=seq_get(args, 2)
264            ),
265            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
266                this=seq_get(args, 0),
267                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
268                replacement=seq_get(args, 2) or exp.Literal.string(""),
269            ),
270            "ROW": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
271            "SEQUENCE": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
272            "SET_AGG": exp.ArrayUniqueAgg.from_arg_list,
273            "SPLIT_TO_MAP": exp.StrToMap.from_arg_list,
274            "STRPOS": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
275                this=seq_get(args, 0), substr=seq_get(args, 1), instance=seq_get(args, 2)
276            ),
277            "TO_CHAR": _build_to_char,
278            "TO_HEX": exp.Hex.from_arg_list,
279            "TO_UNIXTIME": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
280            "TO_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Encode(
281                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
282            ),
283        }
284
285        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
286        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

Arguments:
  • error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
  • error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
  • max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN = False
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'COALESCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'IFNULL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'NVL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': 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method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method 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'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': 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'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <function _build_to_char>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 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'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARBITRARY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_PERCENTILE': <function _build_approx_percentile>, 'BITWISE_AND': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'BITWISE_NOT': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'BITWISE_OR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'BITWISE_XOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'CARDINALITY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'DATE_FORMAT': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'DATE_PARSE': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'ELEMENT_AT': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'FROM_HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'FROM_UNIXTIME': <function _build_from_unixtime>, 'FROM_UTF8': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'NOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'ROW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'SEQUENCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>>, 'SET_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'SPLIT_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STRPOS': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>>, 'TO_UNIXTIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TO_UTF8': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>}
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DECODE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECTAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.parser.Parser
Parser
NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
TYPE_TOKENS
SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
RESERVED_TOKENS
DB_CREATABLES
CREATABLES
ID_VAR_TOKENS
INTERVAL_VARS
ALIAS_TOKENS
COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
TRIM_TYPES
FUNC_TOKENS
CONJUNCTION
EQUALITY
COMPARISON
BITWISE
TERM
FACTOR
EXPONENT
TIMES
TIMESTAMPS
SET_OPERATIONS
JOIN_METHODS
JOIN_SIDES
JOIN_KINDS
JOIN_HINTS
LAMBDAS
COLUMN_OPERATORS
EXPRESSION_PARSERS
STATEMENT_PARSERS
UNARY_PARSERS
STRING_PARSERS
NUMERIC_PARSERS
PRIMARY_PARSERS
PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
RANGE_PARSERS
PROPERTY_PARSERS
CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
ALTER_PARSERS
SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS
INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
SET_PARSERS
SHOW_PARSERS
TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
TRANSACTION_KIND
TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
CONFLICT_ACTIONS
CREATE_SEQUENCE
ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
USABLES
CAST_ACTIONS
INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
CLONE_KEYWORDS
HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
WINDOW_SIDES
JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
FETCH_TOKENS
ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
DISTINCT_TOKENS
NULL_TOKENS
UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
SELECT_START_TOKENS
STRICT_CAST
PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
TABLESAMPLE_CSV
SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
STRING_ALIASES
MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_UNION
UNION_MODIFIERS
NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
INTERVAL_SPANS
SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
error_level
error_message_context
max_errors
dialect
reset
parse
parse_into
check_errors
raise_error
expression
validate_expression
errors
sql
class Presto.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator):
288    class Generator(generator.Generator):
289        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
290        JOIN_HINTS = False
291        TABLE_HINTS = False
292        QUERY_HINTS = False
293        IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = False
294        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
295        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
296        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
297        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
298        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
299        LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
300        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
301        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
302
303        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
304            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
305            exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
306            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
307        }
308
309        TYPE_MAPPING = {
310            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
311            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
312            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
313            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBINARY",
314            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR",
315            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
316            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
317            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "ROW",
318            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
319            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME64: "TIMESTAMP",
320        }
321
322        TRANSFORMS = {
323            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
324            exp.AnyValue: rename_func("ARBITRARY"),
325            exp.ApproxDistinct: lambda self, e: self.func(
326                "APPROX_DISTINCT", e.this, e.args.get("accuracy")
327            ),
328            exp.ApproxQuantile: rename_func("APPROX_PERCENTILE"),
329            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
330            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
331            exp.Array: lambda self, e: f"ARRAY[{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}]",
332            exp.ArrayAny: rename_func("ANY_MATCH"),
333            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("CONCAT"),
334            exp.ArrayContains: rename_func("CONTAINS"),
335            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("CARDINALITY"),
336            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("ARRAY_JOIN"),
337            exp.ArrayUniqueAgg: rename_func("SET_AGG"),
338            exp.AtTimeZone: rename_func("AT_TIMEZONE"),
339            exp.BitwiseAnd: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_AND", e.this, e.expression),
340            exp.BitwiseLeftShift: lambda self, e: self.func(
341                "BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_LEFT", e.this, e.expression
342            ),
343            exp.BitwiseNot: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_NOT", e.this),
344            exp.BitwiseOr: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_OR", e.this, e.expression),
345            exp.BitwiseRightShift: lambda self, e: self.func(
346                "BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_RIGHT", e.this, e.expression
347            ),
348            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_XOR", e.this, e.expression),
349            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
350            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
351            exp.DateAdd: lambda self, e: self.func(
352                "DATE_ADD",
353                unit_to_str(e),
354                _to_int(e.expression),
355                e.this,
356            ),
357            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
358                "DATE_DIFF", unit_to_str(e), e.expression, e.this
359            ),
360            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
361            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
362            e: f"CAST(DATE_FORMAT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
363            exp.DateSub: lambda self, e: self.func(
364                "DATE_ADD",
365                unit_to_str(e),
366                _to_int(e.expression * -1),
367                e.this,
368            ),
369            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "FROM_UTF8"),
370            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
371            e: f"CAST(DATE_PARSE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
372            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "TO_UTF8"),
373            exp.FileFormatProperty: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT='{e.name.upper()}'",
374            exp.First: _first_last_sql,
375            exp.FirstValue: _first_last_sql,
376            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self,
377            e: f"WITH_TIMEZONE({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'zone')}) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'",
378            exp.Group: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unalias_group]),
379            exp.GroupConcat: lambda self, e: self.func(
380                "ARRAY_JOIN", self.func("ARRAY_AGG", e.this), e.args.get("separator")
381            ),
382            exp.Hex: rename_func("TO_HEX"),
383            exp.If: if_sql(),
384            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
385            exp.Initcap: _initcap_sql,
386            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON_PARSE"),
387            exp.Last: _first_last_sql,
388            exp.LastValue: _first_last_sql,
389            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH", e.this),
390            exp.Lateral: _explode_to_unnest_sql,
391            exp.Left: left_to_substring_sql,
392            exp.Levenshtein: rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE"),
393            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
394            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
395            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
396            exp.Quantile: _quantile_sql,
397            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
398            exp.Right: right_to_substring_sql,
399            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
400            exp.Schema: _schema_sql,
401            exp.SchemaCommentProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
402            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
403                [
404                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
405                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
406                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(1),
407                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
408                ]
409            ),
410            exp.SortArray: _no_sort_array,
411            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: str_position_sql(self, e, generate_instance=True),
412            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({_str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
413            exp.StrToMap: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_MAP"),
414            exp.StrToTime: _str_to_time_sql,
415            exp.StructExtract: struct_extract_sql,
416            exp.Table: transforms.preprocess([_unnest_sequence]),
417            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
418            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
419            exp.TimeStrToDate: timestrtotime_sql,
420            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
421            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
422                "TO_UNIXTIME", self.func("DATE_PARSE", e.this, Presto.TIME_FORMAT)
423            ),
424            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_FORMAT", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
425            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("TO_UNIXTIME"),
426            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_FORMAT", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
427            exp.TryCast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
428            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
429            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
430            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
431            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _ts_or_ds_diff_sql,
432            exp.TsOrDsToDate: _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql,
433            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
434            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self,
435            e: f"DATE_FORMAT(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}), {self.format_time(e)})",
436            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
437            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self,
438            e: f"CAST(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS VARCHAR)",
439            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
440            exp.With: transforms.preprocess([transforms.add_recursive_cte_column_names]),
441            exp.WithinGroup: transforms.preprocess(
442                [transforms.remove_within_group_for_percentiles]
443            ),
444            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
445        }
446
447        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
448            "alter",
449            "and",
450            "as",
451            "between",
452            "by",
453            "case",
454            "cast",
455            "constraint",
456            "create",
457            "cross",
458            "current_time",
459            "current_timestamp",
460            "deallocate",
461            "delete",
462            "describe",
463            "distinct",
464            "drop",
465            "else",
466            "end",
467            "escape",
468            "except",
469            "execute",
470            "exists",
471            "extract",
472            "false",
473            "for",
474            "from",
475            "full",
476            "group",
477            "having",
478            "in",
479            "inner",
480            "insert",
481            "intersect",
482            "into",
483            "is",
484            "join",
485            "left",
486            "like",
487            "natural",
488            "not",
489            "null",
490            "on",
491            "or",
492            "order",
493            "outer",
494            "prepare",
495            "right",
496            "select",
497            "table",
498            "then",
499            "true",
500            "union",
501            "using",
502            "values",
503            "when",
504            "where",
505            "with",
506        }
507
508        def strtounix_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToUnix) -> str:
509            # Since `TO_UNIXTIME` requires a `TIMESTAMP`, we need to parse the argument into one.
510            # To do this, we first try to `DATE_PARSE` it, but since this can fail when there's a
511            # timezone involved, we wrap it in a `TRY` call and use `PARSE_DATETIME` as a fallback,
512            # which seems to be using the same time mapping as Hive, as per:
513            # https://joda-time.sourceforge.net/apidocs/org/joda/time/format/DateTimeFormat.html
514            value_as_text = exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
515            parse_without_tz = self.func("DATE_PARSE", value_as_text, self.format_time(expression))
516            parse_with_tz = self.func(
517                "PARSE_DATETIME",
518                value_as_text,
519                self.format_time(expression, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE),
520            )
521            coalesced = self.func("COALESCE", self.func("TRY", parse_without_tz), parse_with_tz)
522            return self.func("TO_UNIXTIME", coalesced)
523
524        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
525            if expression.args.get("safe"):
526                return self.func(
527                    "ELEMENT_AT",
528                    expression.this,
529                    seq_get(
530                        apply_index_offset(
531                            expression.this,
532                            expression.expressions,
533                            1 - expression.args.get("offset", 0),
534                        ),
535                        0,
536                    ),
537                )
538            return super().bracket_sql(expression)
539
540        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
541            from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
542
543            expression = annotate_types(expression)
544            values: t.List[str] = []
545            schema: t.List[str] = []
546            unknown_type = False
547
548            for e in expression.expressions:
549                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
550                    if e.type and e.type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
551                        unknown_type = True
552                    else:
553                        schema.append(f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} {self.sql(e.type)}")
554                    values.append(self.sql(e, "expression"))
555                else:
556                    values.append(self.sql(e))
557
558            size = len(expression.expressions)
559
560            if not size or len(schema) != size:
561                if unknown_type:
562                    self.unsupported(
563                        "Cannot convert untyped key-value definitions (try annotate_types)."
564                    )
565                return self.func("ROW", *values)
566            return f"CAST(ROW({', '.join(values)}) AS ROW({', '.join(schema)}))"
567
568        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
569            if expression.this and expression.text("unit").upper().startswith("WEEK"):
570                return f"({expression.this.name} * INTERVAL '7' DAY)"
571            return super().interval_sql(expression)
572
573        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
574            modes = expression.args.get("modes")
575            modes = f" {', '.join(modes)}" if modes else ""
576            return f"START TRANSACTION{modes}"
577
578        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
579            start = expression.args["start"]
580            end = expression.args["end"]
581            step = expression.args.get("step")
582
583            if isinstance(start, exp.Cast):
584                target_type = start.to
585            elif isinstance(end, exp.Cast):
586                target_type = end.to
587            else:
588                target_type = None
589
590            if target_type and target_type.is_type("timestamp"):
591                if target_type is start.to:
592                    end = exp.cast(end, target_type)
593                else:
594                    start = exp.cast(start, target_type)
595
596            return self.func("SEQUENCE", start, end, step)
597
598        def offset_limit_modifiers(
599            self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit]
600        ) -> t.List[str]:
601            return [
602                self.sql(expression, "offset"),
603                self.sql(limit),
604            ]
605
606        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
607            """
608            Presto doesn't support CREATE VIEW with expressions (ex: `CREATE VIEW x (cola)` then `(cola)` is the expression),
609            so we need to remove them
610            """
611            kind = expression.args["kind"]
612            schema = expression.this
613            if kind == "VIEW" and schema.expressions:
614                expression.this.set("expressions", None)
615            return super().create_sql(expression)

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

Arguments:
  • pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
  • identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
  • normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
  • pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
  • indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a WHERE clause. Default: 2.
  • normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
  • unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
  • max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
  • leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
  • max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
  • comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True
INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
JOIN_HINTS = False
TABLE_HINTS = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = False
TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
STRUCT_DELIMITER = ('(', ')')
LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'VARBINARY', <Type.INT: 'INT'>: 'INTEGER', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'REAL', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'VARBINARY', <Type.TEXT: 'TEXT'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>: 'TIME', <Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>: 'ROW', <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>: 'TIMESTAMP'}
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathFilter'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRecursive'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathScript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSelector'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSlice'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathUnion'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function no_timestamp_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AtTimeZone'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAnd'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseLeftShift'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseNot'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOr'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseRightShift'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>: <function _first_last_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>: <function _first_last_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromTimeZone'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Group'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>: <function if_sql.<locals>._if_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ILike'>: <function no_ilike_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>: <function _initcap_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>: <function _first_last_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>: <function _first_last_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lateral'>: <function _explode_to_unnest_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>: <function left_to_substring_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pivot'>: <function no_pivot_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>: <function _quantile_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>: <function regexp_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>: <function right_to_substring_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>: <function no_safe_divide_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Schema'>: <function _schema_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>: <function _no_sort_array>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function _str_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>: <function struct_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Table'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function _ts_or_ds_add_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function _ts_or_ds_diff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>: <function _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function _unix_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.With'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithinGroup'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function bool_xor_sql>}
RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {'current_time', 'is', 'false', 'union', 'except', 'in', 'and', 'deallocate', 'prepare', 'full', 'constraint', 'right', 'exists', 'cross', 'join', 'values', 'alter', 'with', 'into', 'like', 'escape', 'table', 'from', 'extract', 'intersect', 'distinct', 'or', 'describe', 'end', 'using', 'outer', 'else', 'where', 'execute', 'current_timestamp', 'create', 'on', 'by', 'inner', 'insert', 'null', 'left', 'not', 'as', 'between', 'for', 'natural', 'select', 'group', 'having', 'drop', 'cast', 'case', 'order', 'true', 'delete', 'when', 'then'}
def strtounix_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix) -> str:
508        def strtounix_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToUnix) -> str:
509            # Since `TO_UNIXTIME` requires a `TIMESTAMP`, we need to parse the argument into one.
510            # To do this, we first try to `DATE_PARSE` it, but since this can fail when there's a
511            # timezone involved, we wrap it in a `TRY` call and use `PARSE_DATETIME` as a fallback,
512            # which seems to be using the same time mapping as Hive, as per:
513            # https://joda-time.sourceforge.net/apidocs/org/joda/time/format/DateTimeFormat.html
514            value_as_text = exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
515            parse_without_tz = self.func("DATE_PARSE", value_as_text, self.format_time(expression))
516            parse_with_tz = self.func(
517                "PARSE_DATETIME",
518                value_as_text,
519                self.format_time(expression, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE),
520            )
521            coalesced = self.func("COALESCE", self.func("TRY", parse_without_tz), parse_with_tz)
522            return self.func("TO_UNIXTIME", coalesced)
def bracket_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Bracket) -> str:
524        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
525            if expression.args.get("safe"):
526                return self.func(
527                    "ELEMENT_AT",
528                    expression.this,
529                    seq_get(
530                        apply_index_offset(
531                            expression.this,
532                            expression.expressions,
533                            1 - expression.args.get("offset", 0),
534                        ),
535                        0,
536                    ),
537                )
538            return super().bracket_sql(expression)
def struct_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Struct) -> str:
540        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
541            from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
542
543            expression = annotate_types(expression)
544            values: t.List[str] = []
545            schema: t.List[str] = []
546            unknown_type = False
547
548            for e in expression.expressions:
549                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
550                    if e.type and e.type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
551                        unknown_type = True
552                    else:
553                        schema.append(f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} {self.sql(e.type)}")
554                    values.append(self.sql(e, "expression"))
555                else:
556                    values.append(self.sql(e))
557
558            size = len(expression.expressions)
559
560            if not size or len(schema) != size:
561                if unknown_type:
562                    self.unsupported(
563                        "Cannot convert untyped key-value definitions (try annotate_types)."
564                    )
565                return self.func("ROW", *values)
566            return f"CAST(ROW({', '.join(values)}) AS ROW({', '.join(schema)}))"
def interval_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Interval) -> str:
568        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
569            if expression.this and expression.text("unit").upper().startswith("WEEK"):
570                return f"({expression.this.name} * INTERVAL '7' DAY)"
571            return super().interval_sql(expression)
def transaction_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Transaction) -> str:
573        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
574            modes = expression.args.get("modes")
575            modes = f" {', '.join(modes)}" if modes else ""
576            return f"START TRANSACTION{modes}"
def generateseries_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries) -> str:
578        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
579            start = expression.args["start"]
580            end = expression.args["end"]
581            step = expression.args.get("step")
582
583            if isinstance(start, exp.Cast):
584                target_type = start.to
585            elif isinstance(end, exp.Cast):
586                target_type = end.to
587            else:
588                target_type = None
589
590            if target_type and target_type.is_type("timestamp"):
591                if target_type is start.to:
592                    end = exp.cast(end, target_type)
593                else:
594                    start = exp.cast(start, target_type)
595
596            return self.func("SEQUENCE", start, end, step)
def offset_limit_modifiers( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: Union[sqlglot.expressions.Fetch, sqlglot.expressions.Limit, NoneType]) -> List[str]:
598        def offset_limit_modifiers(
599            self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit]
600        ) -> t.List[str]:
601            return [
602                self.sql(expression, "offset"),
603                self.sql(limit),
604            ]
def create_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Create) -> str:
606        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
607            """
608            Presto doesn't support CREATE VIEW with expressions (ex: `CREATE VIEW x (cola)` then `(cola)` is the expression),
609            so we need to remove them
610            """
611            kind = expression.args["kind"]
612            schema = expression.this
613            if kind == "VIEW" and schema.expressions:
614                expression.this.set("expressions", None)
615            return super().create_sql(expression)

Presto doesn't support CREATE VIEW with expressions (ex: CREATE VIEW x (cola) then (cola) is the expression), so we need to remove them

SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.generator.Generator
Generator
NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC
LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
EXPLICIT_UNION
WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
LIMIT_FETCH
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB
GROUPINGS_SEP
INDEX_ON
QUERY_HINT_SEP
DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
LIMIT_IS_TOP
RETURNING_END
COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS_SUPPORTED
EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
VALUES_AS_TABLE
ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD
COLLATE_IS_FUNC
DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
ENSURE_BOOLS
CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART
SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP
INSERT_OVERWRITE
SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE
JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED
JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS
CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY
OUTER_UNION_MODIFIERS
STAR_MAPPING
TIME_PART_SINGULARS
TOKEN_MAPPING
PARAMETER_TOKEN
NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN
WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
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tsordstodate_sql
unixdate_sql
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dateadd_sql
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partitionrange_sql
truncatetable_sql
convert_sql