# G-Computation or standardization for the Cox, Fine-Gray and binomial regression models for survival data

#### Klaus Holst & Thomas Scheike

#### 2026-01-11

# G-computation for the Cox and Fine-Gray models

Computing the standardized estimate (G-estimation) based on the Cox or Fine-Gray model : \[ \hat S(t,A=a) = n^{-1} \sum_i S(t,A=a,X_i) \] and this estimator has influence function \[ S(t,A=a,X_i) - S(t,A=a) + E( D_{A_0(t), \beta} S(t,A=a,X_i) ) \epsilon_i(t) \] where \(\epsilon_i(t)\) is the iid decomposition of \((\hat A(t) - A(t), \hat \beta- \beta)\).

These estimates have a causal interpration under the assumption of no-unmeasured confounders, and even without the causal assumptions this standardization can still be a useful summary measure.

First looking cumulative incidence via the Fine-Gray model for the two causes and making a plot of the standardized cumulative incidence for cause 1.

    library(mets)
    set.seed(100)

    data(bmt); bmt$time <- bmt$time+runif(nrow(bmt))*0.001
    dfactor(bmt) <- tcell~tcell
    bmt$event <- (bmt$cause!=0)*1

    fg1 <- cifregFG(Event(time,cause)~tcell+platelet+age,bmt,cause=1)
    summary(survivalG(fg1,bmt,time=50))
    #> G-estimator :
    #>       Estimate Std.Err   2.5%  97.5%   P-value
    #> risk0   0.4331 0.02749 0.3793 0.4870 6.321e-56
    #> risk1   0.2727 0.05863 0.1577 0.3876 3.313e-06
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effect: difference (G-estimator) :
    #>     Estimate Std.Err   2.5%    97.5% P-value
    #> ps0  -0.1605 0.06353 -0.285 -0.03597 0.01153
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effect: ratio (G-estimator) :
    #> log-ratio:
    #>         Estimate   Std.Err       2.5%       97.5%    P-value
    #> [ps0] -0.4628288 0.2212039 -0.8963806 -0.02927703 0.03641016
    #> ratio:
    #>  Estimate      2.5%     97.5%
    #> 0.6295004 0.4080439 0.9711474

    fg2 <- cifregFG(Event(time,cause)~tcell+platelet+age,bmt,cause=2)
    summary(survivalG(fg2,bmt,time=50))
    #> G-estimator :
    #>       Estimate Std.Err   2.5%  97.5%   P-value
    #> risk0   0.2127 0.02314 0.1674 0.2581 3.757e-20
    #> risk1   0.3336 0.06799 0.2003 0.4668 9.281e-07
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effect: difference (G-estimator) :
    #>     Estimate Std.Err     2.5%  97.5% P-value
    #> ps0   0.1208 0.07189 -0.02009 0.2617 0.09285
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effect: ratio (G-estimator) :
    #> log-ratio:
    #>        Estimate   Std.Err         2.5%     97.5%   P-value
    #> [ps0] 0.4497465 0.2313601 -0.003710973 0.9032039 0.0519046
    #> ratio:
    #>  Estimate      2.5%     97.5%
    #> 1.5679146 0.9962959 2.4674960

    cif1time <- survivalGtime(fg1,bmt)
    plot(cif1time,type="risk");

Now looking at the survival probability

    ss <- phreg(Surv(time,event)~tcell+platelet+age,bmt)
    sss <- survivalG(ss,bmt,time=50)
    summary(sss)
    #> G-estimator :
    #>       Estimate Std.Err   2.5%  97.5%    P-value
    #> risk0   0.6539 0.02709 0.6008 0.7070 9.218e-129
    #> risk1   0.5640 0.05971 0.4470 0.6811  3.531e-21
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effect: difference (G-estimator) :
    #>     Estimate Std.Err    2.5%   97.5% P-value
    #> ps0 -0.08992  0.0629 -0.2132 0.03337  0.1529
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effect: ratio (G-estimator) :
    #> log-ratio:
    #>         Estimate   Std.Err       2.5%      97.5%   P-value
    #> [ps0] -0.1479231 0.1095247 -0.3625876 0.06674132 0.1768263
    #> ratio:
    #>  Estimate      2.5%     97.5%
    #> 0.8624974 0.6958733 1.0690189
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effect:  survival-difference (G-estimator) :
    #>       Estimate    Std.Err        2.5%     97.5%   P-value
    #> ps0 0.08991862 0.06290398 -0.03337092 0.2132082 0.1528725
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effect: 1-G (survival)-ratio (G-estimator) :
    #> log-ratio:
    #>        Estimate   Std.Err       2.5%     97.5%   P-value
    #> [ps0] 0.2309818 0.1503867 -0.0637708 0.5257343 0.1245583
    #> ratio:
    #> Estimate     2.5%    97.5%
    #> 1.259836 0.938220 1.691701

    Gtime <- survivalGtime(ss,bmt)
    plot(Gtime)

# G-computation for the binomial regression

We compare with the similar estimates using the Doubly Robust estimating equations using binregATE. The standardization from the G-computation can also be computed using a specialized function that takes less memory and is quicker (for large data).

    ## survival situation
    sr1 <- binregATE(Event(time,event)~tcell+platelet+age,bmt,cause=1,
             time=40, treat.model=tcell~platelet+age)
    summary(sr1)
    #>    n events
    #>  408    241
    #>
    #>  408 clusters
    #> coeffients:
    #>              Estimate   Std.Err      2.5%     97.5% P-value
    #> (Intercept)  0.676409  0.137007  0.407880  0.944939  0.0000
    #> tcell1      -0.023675  0.346994 -0.703770  0.656420  0.9456
    #> platelet    -0.492952  0.246158 -0.975412 -0.010492  0.0452
    #> age          0.343939  0.115561  0.117444  0.570434  0.0029
    #>
    #> exp(coeffients):
    #>             Estimate    2.5%  97.5%
    #> (Intercept)  1.96680 1.50363 2.5727
    #> tcell1       0.97660 0.49472 1.9279
    #> platelet     0.61082 0.37704 0.9896
    #> age          1.41049 1.12462 1.7690
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effects (G-formula) :
    #>             Estimate    Std.Err       2.5%      97.5% P-value
    #> treat0     0.6230976  0.0273827  0.5694284  0.6767667  0.0000
    #> treat1     0.6177595  0.0731712  0.4743466  0.7611723  0.0000
    #> treat:1-0 -0.0053381  0.0783973 -0.1589940  0.1483179  0.9457
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effects (double robust) :
    #>            Estimate   Std.Err      2.5%     97.5% P-value
    #> treat0     0.622698  0.027460  0.568878  0.676518   0.000
    #> treat1     0.637785  0.085242  0.470714  0.804857   0.000
    #> treat:1-0  0.015087  0.089442 -0.160215  0.190389   0.866

    ## relative risk effect
    estimate(coef=sr1$riskDR,vcov=sr1$var.riskDR,f=function(p) p[2]/p[1],null=1)
    #>          Estimate Std.Err   2.5% 97.5% P-value
    #> [treat1]    1.024   0.144 0.7421 1.306  0.8664
    #>
    #>  Null Hypothesis:
    #>   [treat1] = 1

    ## competing risks
    br1 <- binregATE(Event(time,cause)~tcell+platelet+age,bmt,cause=1,
             time=40,treat.model=tcell~platelet+age)
    summary(br1)
    #>    n events
    #>  408    157
    #>
    #>  408 clusters
    #> coeffients:
    #>              Estimate   Std.Err      2.5%     97.5% P-value
    #> (Intercept) -0.191519  0.130883 -0.448044  0.065007  0.1434
    #> tcell1      -0.712880  0.351489 -1.401786 -0.023974  0.0425
    #> platelet    -0.531919  0.244495 -1.011119 -0.052718  0.0296
    #> age          0.432939  0.107314  0.222607  0.643271  0.0001
    #>
    #> exp(coeffients):
    #>             Estimate    2.5%  97.5%
    #> (Intercept)  0.82570 0.63888 1.0672
    #> tcell1       0.49023 0.24616 0.9763
    #> platelet     0.58748 0.36381 0.9486
    #> age          1.54178 1.24933 1.9027
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effects (G-formula) :
    #>            Estimate   Std.Err      2.5%     97.5% P-value
    #> treat0     0.417746  0.027030  0.364768  0.470724  0.0000
    #> treat1     0.267097  0.061849  0.145874  0.388319  0.0000
    #> treat:1-0 -0.150649  0.067578 -0.283100 -0.018199  0.0258
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effects (double robust) :
    #>            Estimate   Std.Err      2.5%     97.5% P-value
    #> treat0     0.417121  0.027112  0.363983  0.470259  0.0000
    #> treat1     0.227776  0.061240  0.107748  0.347803  0.0002
    #> treat:1-0 -0.189345  0.066600 -0.319878 -0.058812  0.0045

and using the specialized function

    br1 <- binreg(Event(time,cause)~tcell+platelet+age,bmt,cause=1,time=40)
    Gbr1 <- binregG(br1,bmt,Avalues=NULL)
    summary(Gbr1)
    #> G-estimator :
    #>       Estimate Std.Err   2.5%  97.5%   P-value
    #> risk0   0.4177 0.02703 0.3648 0.4707 6.988e-54
    #> risk1   0.2671 0.06185 0.1459 0.3883 1.571e-05
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effect: difference (G-estimator) :
    #>    Estimate Std.Err    2.5%   97.5% P-value
    #> pa  -0.1506 0.06758 -0.2831 -0.0182  0.0258
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effect: ratio (G-estimator) :
    #> log-ratio:
    #>        Estimate   Std.Err       2.5%      97.5%    P-value
    #> [pa] -0.4472628 0.2406332 -0.9188953 0.02436964 0.06307095
    #> ratio:
    #>  Estimate      2.5%     97.5%
    #> 0.6393758 0.3989595 1.0246690

    ## contrasting average age to 1+2-sd age, Avalues
    Gbr2 <- binregG(br1,bmt,varname="age",Avalues=c(0,1,2))
    summary(Gbr2)
    #> G-estimator :
    #>       Estimate Std.Err   2.5%  97.5%   P-value
    #> risk0   0.3932 0.02537 0.3434 0.4429 3.738e-54
    #> risk1   0.4964 0.03655 0.4248 0.5681 5.044e-42
    #> risk2   0.5997 0.05531 0.4913 0.7081 2.136e-27
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effect: difference (G-estimator) :
    #>      Estimate Std.Err    2.5%  97.5%   P-value
    #> pa     0.1033 0.02605 0.05222 0.1543 7.345e-05
    #> pa.1   0.2066 0.04996 0.10863 0.3045 3.564e-05
    #>
    #> Average Treatment effect: ratio (G-estimator) :
    #> log-ratio:
    #>       Estimate    Std.Err      2.5%     97.5%      P-value
    #> [pa] 0.2332376 0.05402806 0.1273445 0.3391307 1.581845e-05
    #> [pa] 0.4222406 0.08691473 0.2518908 0.5925903 1.185167e-06
    #> ratio:
    #>      Estimate     2.5%    97.5%
    #> [pa] 1.262681 1.135808 1.403727
    #> [pa] 1.525375 1.286456 1.808667

# SessionInfo

    sessionInfo()
    #> R version 4.5.2 (2025-10-31)
    #> Platform: aarch64-apple-darwin25.1.0
    #> Running under: macOS Tahoe 26.2
    #>
    #> Matrix products: default
    #> BLAS:   /Users/kkzh/.asdf/installs/r/4.5.2/lib/R/lib/libRblas.dylib
    #> LAPACK: /Users/kkzh/.asdf/installs/r/4.5.2/lib/R/lib/libRlapack.dylib;  LAPACK version 3.12.1
    #>
    #> locale:
    #> [1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8
    #>
    #> time zone: Europe/Copenhagen
    #> tzcode source: internal
    #>
    #> attached base packages:
    #> [1] splines   stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods
    #> [8] base
    #>
    #> other attached packages:
    #> [1] timereg_2.0.7  survival_3.8-3 mets_1.3.9
    #>
    #> loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
    #>  [1] cli_3.6.5              knitr_1.50             rlang_1.1.6
    #>  [4] xfun_0.54              KernSmooth_2.23-26     jsonlite_2.0.0
    #>  [7] future.apply_1.20.1    listenv_0.10.0         lava_1.8.3
    #> [10] htmltools_0.5.8.1      sass_0.4.10            rmarkdown_2.30
    #> [13] grid_4.5.2             evaluate_1.0.5         jquerylib_0.1.4
    #> [16] fastmap_1.2.0          numDeriv_2016.8-1.1    yaml_2.3.10
    #> [19] mvtnorm_1.3-3          lifecycle_1.0.4        compiler_4.5.2
    #> [22] codetools_0.2-20       ucminf_1.2.2           Rcpp_1.1.1
    #> [25] future_1.68.0          lattice_0.22-7         digest_0.6.39
    #> [28] R6_2.6.1               parallelly_1.46.1      parallel_4.5.2
    #> [31] Matrix_1.7-4           bslib_0.9.0            tools_4.5.2
    #> [34] RcppArmadillo_15.2.3-1 globals_0.18.0         cachem_1.1.0