# Cumulative Incidence Regression

#### Klaus Holst & Thomas Scheike

#### 2026-01-11

The cifreg function can fit the Fine-Gray model and the logit-link cumulative incidence function for the cause of interest for competing risks, and is completely scalable, that is, linear in the data. This includes computation of standard errors that is also linear in data. In addition for the Fine-Gray model predictions can be provided standard errors for specific time-points based on influence functions for the baseline and the regression coeficients.

To summarize

- the baseline can be stratified
- the censoring weights can be strata dependent
- predictions can be computed with standard errors (only for Fine-Gray)
- computation time linear in data
  - including standard errors
- only Fine-Gray: influence functions of baseline and regression coefficients computed and given by IC, iid and iidBaseline functions
- clusters can be given and then cluster corrected standard errors are computed

# Fine-Gray model

considered a cumulative incidence on the form \[\begin{align*} F_1(t,X) & = P(T \leq t, \epsilon=1) = 1 - exp( - \Lambda_0(t) \exp(X^T \beta)). \end{align*}\]

In the case of independent right-censoring with the censoring distribtion \(G_c(t,X) = P(C > t | S(X))\) where \(S(X)\) is a set of strata defined from \(X\), then an ubiased estimating equation is given by \[\begin{align*} U^{FG}_{n}(\beta) = \sum_{i=0}^{n} \int_0^{+\infty} \left( X_i- E_n(t,\beta) \right) w_i(t,X_i) dN_{1,i}(t) \text{ where } E_n(t,\beta)=\frac{\tilde S_1(t,\beta) }{\tilde S_0(t,\beta)}, \end{align*}\] with \(w_i(t,X_i) = \frac{G_c(t,X_i)}{G_c(T_i \wedge t,X_i)} I( C_i > T_i \wedge t )\) ,\(\tilde S_k(t,\beta) = \sum_{j=1}^n X_j^k \exp(X_j^T\beta) Y_{1,j}(t)\) for \(k=0,1\), and with with \(\tilde Y_{1,i}(t) = Y_{1,i}(t) w_i(t,X_i)\) for \(i=1,...,n\). \(w_i(t)\) needs to be replaced by an estimator of the censoring distribution, and since it does not depend on \(X\) the \(\hat w_i(t) = \frac{\hat G_c(t,X_i)}{\hat G_c(T_i \wedge t,X_i)} I(C_i > T_i \wedge t)\) where \(\hat G_c\) is the Kaplan-Meier estimator of the censoring distribution.

First we simulate some competing risks data using some utility functions.

We simulate data with two causes based on the Fine-Gray model: \[\begin{align} F_1(t,X) & = P(T\leq t, \epsilon=1|X)=( 1 - exp(-\Lambda_1(t) \exp(X^T \beta_1))) \\ F_2(t,X) & = P(T\leq t, \epsilon=2|X)= ( 1 - exp(-\Lambda_2(t) \exp(X^T \beta_2))) \cdot (1 - F_1(\infty,X)) \end{align}\] where the baselines are given as \(\Lambda_j(t) = \rho_j (1- exp(-t/\nu_j))\) for \(j=1,2\), and the \(X\) being two independent binomials. Alternatively, one can also replace the FG-model with a logistic link \(\mbox{expit}( \Lambda_j(t) + \exp(X^T \beta_j))\).

The advantage of the model is that it is easy to fit and to get standard errors, and that it is quite flexible essentially being a Cox-model. On the downside is that the coefficients must be interpreted on \(cloglog\)-scale. Specifically, \[\begin{align} \log(-\log( 1-F_1(t,X_1+1,X_2))) - \log(-\log( 1-F_1(t,X_1,X_2))) & = \beta_1, \end{align}\] so the effect of an increase in \(X_1\) is \(\beta_1\) and leads to \(1-F_1(t,X)\) on the \(cloglog\) scale.

     library(mets)
     options(warn=-1)
     set.seed(1000) # to control output in simulatins for p-values below.

     rho1 <- 0.2; rho2 <- 10
     n <- 400
     beta=c(0.0,-0.1,-0.5,0.3)
     ## beta1=c(0.0,-0.1); beta2=c(-0.5,0.3)
     dats <- simul.cifs(n,rho1,rho2,beta,rc=0.5,rate=7)
     dtable(dats,~status)
    #>
    #> status
    #>   0   1   2
    #> 127  12 261
     dsort(dats) <- ~time

We have a look at the non-parametric cumulative incidence curves

     par(mfrow=c(1,2))
     cifs1 <- cif(Event(time,status)~strata(Z1,Z2),dats,cause=1)
     plot(cifs1)

     cifs2 <- cif(Event(time,status)~strata(Z1,Z2),dats,cause=2)
     plot(cifs2)

Now fitting the Fine-Gray model

     fg <- cifregFG(Event(time,status)~Z1+Z2,data=dats,cause=1)
     summary(fg)
    #>
    #>    n events
    #>  400     12
    #>
    #>  400 clusters
    #> coeffients:
    #>    Estimate     S.E.  dU^-1/2 P-value
    #> Z1  0.69686  0.38760  0.38882  0.0722
    #> Z2 -0.85929  0.62453  0.61478  0.1689
    #>
    #> exp(coeffients):
    #>    Estimate    2.5%  97.5%
    #> Z1  2.00744 0.93911 4.2911
    #> Z2  0.42346 0.12451 1.4402

     dd <- expand.grid(Z1=c(-1,1),Z2=0:1)
     pfg <- predict(fg,dd)
     plot(pfg,ylim=c(0,0.2))

and GOF based on cumulative residuals (Li et al. 2015)

    gofFG(Event(time,status)~Z1+Z2,data=dats,cause=1)
    #> Cumulative score process test for Proportionality:
    #>    Sup|U(t)|  pval
    #> Z1  3.011461 0.124
    #> Z2  1.373513 0.227

showing no problem with the proportionality of the model.

# SE’s for the baseline and predictions of FG

The standard errors reported for the FG-estimator are based on the i.i.d decompostion (influence functions) of the estimator that we give later. A similar decompostion exist for the baseline and is needed when standard errors of predictions are computed. These are a bit harder to compute for all time-points simultaneously, but they can be obtained for specific timepoints jointly with the iid decomposition of the regression coefficients and then used to get standard errors for predictions.

We here plot the predictions with jittered confidence intervals for the predictions at time point 5

    ### predictions with CI based on iid decomposition of baseline and beta
    fg <- cifregFG(Event(time,status)~Z1+Z2,data=dats,cause=1)
    Biid <- iidBaseline(fg,time=5)
    pfgse <- FGprediid(Biid,dd)
    pfgse
    #>            pred    se-log       lower     upper
    #> [1,] 0.04253879 0.7418354 0.009938793 0.1820692
    #> [2,] 0.16069100 0.3946377 0.074143886 0.3482633
    #> [3,] 0.01823957 0.9410399 0.002884032 0.1153531
    #> [4,] 0.07149610 0.4611261 0.028958169 0.1765199
    plot(pfg,ylim=c(0,0.2))
    for (i in 1:4) lines(c(5,5)+i/10,pfgse[i,3:4],col=i,lwd=2)

The iid decompostions are stored inside Biid, in addition we note that the iid decompostions for \(\hat \beta - \beta_0\) are obtained by the command iid()

# Comparison

We compare with the cmprsk function, that gives exactly the same, but without running it to avoid dependencies:

    run <- 0
    if (run==1) {
    library(cmprsk)
    mm <- model.matrix(~Z1+Z2,dats)[,-1]
    cr <- with(dats,crr(time,status,mm))
    cbind(cr$coef,diag(cr$var)^.5,fg$coef,fg$se.coef,cr$coef-fg$coef,diag(cr$var)^.5-fg$se.coef)
    #          [,1]      [,2]       [,3]      [,4]          [,5]          [,6]
    # Z1  0.6968603 0.3876029  0.6968603 0.3876029 -2.442491e-15 -2.553513e-15
    # Z2 -0.8592892 0.6245258 -0.8592892 0.6245258 -2.997602e-15  1.776357e-15
    }

When comparing with the results from the coxph based on setting up the data using the finegray function, we get the same estimates but note that the standard errors of the coxph is missing a term and therefore slightly different. When comparing to the estimates from coxph missing the additional censoring term we see that we get also the same standard errors

    if (run==1) {
     library(survival)
     dats$id <- 1:nrow(dats)
     dats$event <- factor(dats$status,0:2, labels=c("censor", "death", "other"))
     fgdats <- finegray(Surv(time,event)~.,data=dats)
     coxfg <- survival::coxph(Surv(fgstart, fgstop, fgstatus) ~ Z1+Z2 + cluster(id), weight=fgwt, data=fgdats)

     fg0 <- cifreg(Event(time,status)~Z1+Z2,data=dats,cause=1,propodds=NULL)
     cbind( coxfg$coef,fg0$coef, coxfg$coef-fg0$coef)
    #          [,1]       [,2]          [,3]
    # Z1  0.6968603  0.6968603 -1.110223e-16
    # Z2 -0.8592892 -0.8592892 -1.110223e-15
     cbind(diag(coxfg$var)^.5,fg0$se.coef,diag(coxfg$var)^.5-fg0$se.coef)
    #           [,1]      [,2]          [,3]
    # [1,] 0.3889129 0.3876029  0.0013099915
    # [2,] 0.6241225 0.6245258 -0.0004033148
     cbind(diag(coxfg$var)^.5,fg0$se1.coef,diag(coxfg$var)^.5-fg0$se1.coef)
    #           [,1]      [,2]          [,3]
    # [1,] 0.3889129 0.3889129 -2.331468e-15
    # [2,] 0.6241225 0.6241225  2.553513e-15
    }

We also remove all censorings from the data to compare the estimates with those based on coxph, and observe that the estimates as well as the standard errors agree

    datsnc <- dtransform(dats,status=2,status==0)
    dtable(datsnc,~status)
    #>
    #> status
    #>   1   2
    #>  12 388
    datsnc$id <- 1:n
    datsnc$entry <- 0
    max <- max(dats$time)+1
    ## for cause 2 add risk interaval
    datsnc2 <- subset(datsnc,status==2)
    datsnc2 <- transform(datsnc2,entry=time)
    datsnc2 <- transform(datsnc2,time=max)
    datsncf <- rbind(datsnc,datsnc2)
    #
    cifnc <- cifreg(Event(time,status)~Z1+Z2,data=datsnc,cause=1,propodds=NULL)
    cc <- phreg(Surv(entry,time,status==1)~Z1+Z2+cluster(id),datsncf)
    cbind(cc$coef-cifnc$coef, diag(cc$var)^.5-diag(cifnc$var)^.5)
    #>            [,1]          [,2]
    #> Z1 1.221245e-15 -1.554312e-15
    #> Z2 3.996803e-15  1.998401e-15
    #            [,1]          [,2]
    # Z1 1.332268e-15 -4.440892e-16
    # Z2 4.218847e-15  2.220446e-16

the cmprsk also gives the same

    if (run==1) {
     library(cmprsk)
     mm <- model.matrix(~Z1+Z2,datsnc)[,-1]
     cr <- with(datsnc,crr(time,status,mm))
     cbind(cc$coef-cr$coef, diag(cr$var)^.5-diag(cc$var)^.5)
    #             [,1]         [,2]
    # Z1 -4.218847e-15 1.443290e-15
    # Z2  7.549517e-15 1.110223e-16
    }

# Strata dependent Censoring weights

We can improve efficiency and avoid bias by allowing the censoring weights to depend on the covariates

     fgcm <- cifregFG(Event(time,status)~Z1+Z2,data=dats,cause=1,cens.model=~strata(Z1,Z2))
     summary(fgcm)
    #>
    #>    n events
    #>  400     12
    #>
    #>  400 clusters
    #> coeffients:
    #>    Estimate     S.E.  dU^-1/2 P-value
    #> Z1  0.54277  0.37188  0.39352  0.1444
    #> Z2 -0.91846  0.61886  0.61447  0.1378
    #>
    #> exp(coeffients):
    #>    Estimate    2.5%  97.5%
    #> Z1  1.72077 0.83019 3.5667
    #> Z2  0.39913 0.11867 1.3424
     summary(fg)
    #>
    #>    n events
    #>  400     12
    #>
    #>  400 clusters
    #> coeffients:
    #>    Estimate     S.E.  dU^-1/2 P-value
    #> Z1  0.69686  0.38760  0.38882  0.0722
    #> Z2 -0.85929  0.62453  0.61478  0.1689
    #>
    #> exp(coeffients):
    #>    Estimate    2.5%  97.5%
    #> Z1  2.00744 0.93911 4.2911
    #> Z2  0.42346 0.12451 1.4402

We note that the standard errors are slightly smaller for the more efficient estimator.

The influence functions of the FG-estimator is given by ,
\[\begin{align*} \phi_i^{FG} & = \int (X_i- e(t)) \tilde w_i(t) dM_{i1}(t,X_i) + \int \frac{q(t)}{\pi(t)} dM_{ic}(t), \\ & = \phi_i^{FG,1} + \phi_i^{FG,2}, \end{align*}\] where the first term is what would be achieved for a known censoring distribution, and the second term is due to the variability from the Kaplan-Meier estimator. Where \(M_{ic}(t) = N_{ic}(t) - \int_0^t Y_i(s) d\Lambda_c (s)\) with \(M_{ic}\) the standard censoring martingale.

The function \(q(t)\) that reflects that the censoring only affects the terms related to cause “2” jumps, can be written as (see Appendix B2) \[\begin{align*} q(t) & = E( H(t,X) I(T \leq t, \epsilon=2) I(C > T)/G_c(T)) = E( H(t,X) F_2(t,X) ), \end{align*}\] with \(H(t,X) = \int_t^{\infty} (X- e(s)) G(s) d \Lambda_1(s,X)\) and since \(\pi(t)=E(Y(t))=S(t) G_c(t)\).

In the case where the censoring weights are stratified (based on \(X\)) we get the influence functions related to the censoring term with \[\begin{align*} q(t,X) & = E( H(t,X) I(T \leq t, \epsilon=2) I(T < C)/G_c(T,X) | X) = H(t,X) F_2(t,X), \end{align*}\] so that the influence function becomes \[\begin{align*} \int (X-e(t)) w(t) dM_1(t,X) + \int H(t,X) \frac{F_2(t,X)}{S(t,X)} \frac{1}{G_c(t,X)} dM_c(t,X). \end{align*}\] with \(H(t,X) = \int_t^{\infty} (X- e(s)) G(s,X) d \Lambda_1(s,X)\).

# Augmenting the FG-estimator

Rather than using a larger censoring model we can also compute the augmentation term directly and then fit the FG-model based on this augmentation term and do a couple of iterations

      fgaugS <- FG_AugmentCifstrata(Event(time,status)~Z1+Z2+strata(Z1,Z2),data=dats,cause=1,E=fg$E)
      summary(fgaugS)
    #>
    #>    n events
    #>  400     12
    #>
    #>  400 clusters
    #> coeffients:
    #>    Estimate     S.E.  dU^-1/2 P-value
    #> Z1  0.69686  0.34898  0.38882  0.0458
    #> Z2 -0.85929  0.60243  0.61478  0.1538
    #>
    #> exp(coeffients):
    #>    Estimate    2.5%  97.5%
    #> Z1  2.00744 1.01296 3.9783
    #> Z2  0.42346 0.13002 1.3791

      fgaugS2 <- FG_AugmentCifstrata(Event(time,status)~Z1+Z2+strata(Z1,Z2),data=dats,cause=1,E=fgaugS$E)
      summary(fgaugS2)
    #>
    #>    n events
    #>  400     12
    #>
    #>  400 clusters
    #> coeffients:
    #>    Estimate     S.E.  dU^-1/2 P-value
    #> Z1  0.69686  0.34898  0.38882  0.0458
    #> Z2 -0.85929  0.60243  0.61478  0.1538
    #>
    #> exp(coeffients):
    #>    Estimate    2.5%  97.5%
    #> Z1  2.00744 1.01296 3.9783
    #> Z2  0.42346 0.13002 1.3791

      fgaugS3 <- FG_AugmentCifstrata(Event(time,status)~Z1+Z2+strata(Z1,Z2),data=dats,cause=1,E=fgaugS2$E)
      summary(fgaugS3)
    #>
    #>    n events
    #>  400     12
    #>
    #>  400 clusters
    #> coeffients:
    #>    Estimate     S.E.  dU^-1/2 P-value
    #> Z1  0.69686  0.34898  0.38882  0.0458
    #> Z2 -0.85929  0.60243  0.61478  0.1538
    #>
    #> exp(coeffients):
    #>    Estimate    2.5%  97.5%
    #> Z1  2.00744 1.01296 3.9783
    #> Z2  0.42346 0.13002 1.3791

Again we note slightly smaller standard errors when augmenting the estimator.

The function compute the augmentation term for fixed \(E(t)\) based on the current \(\hat \beta\) \[\begin{align*} U_n^{A} = \sum_{i=1}^n \int_{0}^{+\infty} \frac{F_2(t,X_i)}{S(t,X_i)G_c(t,X_i)} H(t,X_i,E,G_c,\Lambda_1) dM_{ci}(t) \end{align*}\] using working models based on stratification to get \(F_1^s\) and \(F_2^s\) where the strata are given by \(strata()\) in the call. Then fits the FG model so solve the \[\begin{align*} U_n^{A}(\beta_p) + U^{FG}_{n}(\beta) = 0. \end{align*}\]

Then we may iterate to get a solution to the augmented score equation \[\begin{align*} U_n^{A}(\beta_\infty) + U^{FG}_{n}(\beta_\infty) = 0. \end{align*}\]

The censoring model here is one overall Kaplan-Meier.

The influence funtion for the augmented estimator is \[\begin{align*} \int (X-e(t)) w(t) dM_1(t,X) + \int H(t,X) \frac{F_2(t,X)}{S(t,X)} \frac{1}{G_c(t)} dM_c. \end{align*}\] and standard errors are based on this formula.

# Logistic-link

     rho1 <- 0.2; rho2 <- 10
     n <- 400
     beta=c(0.0,-0.1,-0.5,0.3)
     dats <- simul.cifs(n,rho1,rho2,beta,rc=0.5,rate=7,type="logistic")
     dtable(dats,~status)
    #>
    #> status
    #>   0   1   2
    #> 166  16 218
     dsort(dats) <- ~time

The model where \[\begin{align*} \mbox{logit}(F_1(t,X)) & = \alpha(t) + X^T \beta \end{align*}\] that then leads to OR interpretation of the \(F_1\), can also be fitted easily, however, the standard errors are harder to compute and only approximative (assuming that the censoring weights are known) but this gives typically only a small error. In the \({{\bf timereg}}\)-package the model can be fitted using different estimators that are more efficient using different weights but this is much slower.

Fitting the model and getting OR’s

     or <- cifreg(Event(time,status)~Z1+Z2,data=dats,cause=1)
     summary(or)
    #>
    #>    n events
    #>  400     16
    #>
    #>  400 clusters
    #> coeffients:
    #>    Estimate    S.E. dU^-1/2 P-value
    #> Z1  0.10017 0.25562 0.25215  0.6952
    #> Z2  0.21763 0.50407 0.50346  0.6659
    #>
    #> exp(coeffients):
    #>    Estimate    2.5%  97.5%
    #> Z1  1.10535 0.66976 1.8242
    #> Z2  1.24313 0.46287 3.3387

# Administrative Censoring

In the case with administrative censoring we can simply provide the risk-set given by the administrative censoring times for the Fine-Gray or logistic link cumulative incidence regression models.

    library(mets)
    rho1 <- 0.3; rho2 <- 5.9
    set.seed(100)
    n <- 100
    beta=c(0.3,-0.3,-0.5,0.3)
    rc <- 0.9
    ###
    dats <- mets:::simul.cifsRA(n,rho1,rho2,beta,bin=1,rc=rc,rate=c(3,7))
    dats$status07 <- dats$status
    dats$status07[dats$status %in% c(0,7)] <- 0
    tt <- seq(0,6,by=0.1)
    base1 <- rho1*(1-exp(-tt/3))

    ccA  <-  cifregFG(Event(timeA,statusA)~Z1+Z2,dats,
              adm.cens.time=dats$censorA,no.codes=7)
    estimate(ccA)
    #>    Estimate Std.Err    2.5%  97.5% P-value
    #> Z1  0.08665  0.2116 -0.3280 0.5014  0.6821
    #> Z2  0.40535  0.4276 -0.4328 1.2435  0.3432

The Fine-Gray model can similarly be estimated using the modified risk-set and the phreg function

    dats$entry <- 0
    dats$id <- 1:n
    datA <- dats
    datA2 <- subset(datA,statusA==2)
    datA2$entry <- datA2$timeA
    datA2$timeA <- datA2$censorA
    datA2$statusA <- 0
    datA <- rbind(datA,datA2)
    ddA <- phreg(Event(entry,timeA,statusA==1)~Z1+Z2+cluster(id),datA)
    estimate(ddA)
    #>    Estimate Std.Err    2.5%  97.5% P-value
    #> Z1  0.08665  0.2116 -0.3280 0.5014  0.6821
    #> Z2  0.40535  0.4276 -0.4328 1.2435  0.3432

    ## also checking the cumulative baseline
    ###plotl(tt,base1)
    ###plot(ccA,add=TRUE,col=3)
    ###plot(ddA,col=2,add=TRUE)

# SessionInfo

    sessionInfo()
    #> R version 4.5.2 (2025-10-31)
    #> Platform: aarch64-apple-darwin25.1.0
    #> Running under: macOS Tahoe 26.2
    #>
    #> Matrix products: default
    #> BLAS:   /Users/kkzh/.asdf/installs/r/4.5.2/lib/R/lib/libRblas.dylib
    #> LAPACK: /Users/kkzh/.asdf/installs/r/4.5.2/lib/R/lib/libRlapack.dylib;  LAPACK version 3.12.1
    #>
    #> locale:
    #> [1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8
    #>
    #> time zone: Europe/Copenhagen
    #> tzcode source: internal
    #>
    #> attached base packages:
    #> [1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base
    #>
    #> other attached packages:
    #> [1] timereg_2.0.7  survival_3.8-3 mets_1.3.9
    #>
    #> loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
    #>  [1] cli_3.6.5              knitr_1.50             rlang_1.1.6
    #>  [4] xfun_0.54              jsonlite_2.0.0         future.apply_1.20.1
    #>  [7] listenv_0.10.0         lava_1.8.3             htmltools_0.5.8.1
    #> [10] sass_0.4.10            rmarkdown_2.30         grid_4.5.2
    #> [13] evaluate_1.0.5         jquerylib_0.1.4        fastmap_1.2.0
    #> [16] numDeriv_2016.8-1.1    yaml_2.3.10            mvtnorm_1.3-3
    #> [19] lifecycle_1.0.4        compiler_4.5.2         codetools_0.2-20
    #> [22] ucminf_1.2.2           Rcpp_1.1.1             future_1.68.0
    #> [25] lattice_0.22-7         digest_0.6.39          R6_2.6.1
    #> [28] parallelly_1.46.1      parallel_4.5.2         splines_4.5.2
    #> [31] Matrix_1.7-4           bslib_0.9.0            tools_4.5.2
    #> [34] RcppArmadillo_15.2.3-1 globals_0.18.0         cachem_1.1.0